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<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924616-preview-for-later-today-former-uk-ambassador-edmund-fitton-brown-examines-iran-s-attempt-to-cont"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43729716/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729716/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729716/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729716/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729716/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #f3f3da; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43729716/1400x1400/c" />
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<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1096: Preview for Later Today: Former UK Ambassador Edmund Fitton-Brown examines Iran&#39;s attempt to control the Strait of Hormuz. He highlights Oman&#39;s critical role and US efforts to support Oman, preventing Iran from establishing a maritime &quot;protection racket.&quot;
</h5>
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Preview for Later Today: Former UK Ambassador Edmund Fitton-Brown examines Iran&#39;s attempt to control the Strait of Hormuz. He highlights Oman&#39;s critical role and US efforts to support Oman, preventing Iran from establishing a maritime &quot;protection racket.&quot; (3)
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<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924614-preview-for-later-today-janatyn-sayeh-of-the-foundation-for-defense-of-democracies-details-irani"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43729710/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729710/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729710/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729710/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729710/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #a6a68d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43729710/1400x1400/c" />
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<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1096: Preview for Later Today: Janatyn Sayeh of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies details Iranian threats against US and Israeli leadership. He warns that Tehran&#39;s rhetoric regarding &quot;accountability&quot; for the Supreme Leader&#39;sdeath signals potential trans
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Preview for Later Today: Janatyn Sayeh of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies details Iranian threats against US and Israeli leadership. He warns that Tehran&#39;s rhetoric regarding &quot;accountability&quot; for the Supreme Leader&#39;sdeath signals potential transnational assassination plots. (4)
1904 PERSIAN GULF
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1m
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<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783375670" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
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<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924609-preview-for-later-today-alejandro-pena-esclusa-a-venezuelan-opposition-member-warns-that-suppo"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
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<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43729688/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729688/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729688/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729688/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43729688/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #a6a6a6; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43729688/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1096: Preview for Later Today: Alejandro Peña Esclusa, a Venezuelan opposition member, warns that supporting the Rodriguez regime over elected officials like Machado is irrational. He argues this policy risks damaging Trump&#39;s support among Latin American voters
</h5>
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Preview for Later Today: Alejandro Peña Esclusa, a Venezuelan opposition member, warns that supporting the Rodriguez regime over elected officials like Machado is irrational. He argues this policy risks damaging Trump&#39;ssupport among Latin American voters before upcoming midterm elections. (1)
1948 CARACAS
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<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783374533" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
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<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924297-gaius-and-germanicus-discuss-the-ubiquity-of-the-term-multipolar-in-modern-political-discours"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728290/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728290/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728290/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728290/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728290/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728290/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1095:   Gaius and Germanicus discuss the ubiquity of the term &quot;multipolar&quot; in modern political discourse. Germanicus dismisses the word as a &quot;badge word&quot; or a &quot;secret handshake&quot; used by experts to obscure the actual reality of a declining American empire. He ar
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Gaius and Germanicus discuss the ubiquity of the term &quot;multipolar&quot; in modern political discourse. Germanicusdismisses the word as a &quot;badge word&quot; or a &quot;secret handshake&quot; used by experts to obscure the actual reality of a declining American empire. He argues that the United States is no longer the unchallenged colossus it was in the early 1990s, noting the surprising resilience of nations like Ru...
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<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783306072" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
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<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924296-gaius-and-germanicus-examine-the-escalating-tensions-between-poland-and-russia-they-analyze-repo"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728286/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728286/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728286/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728286/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728286/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #404040; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728286/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1095: Gaius and Germanicus examine the escalating tensions between Poland and Russia. They analyze reports regarding Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk&#39;s warnings of critical months ahead and potential Russian provocations. Germanicus contends that NATO is the p
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Gaius and Germanicus examine the escalating tensions between Poland and Russia. They analyze reports regarding Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk&#39;s warnings of critical months ahead and potential Russian provocations. Germanicuscontends that NATO is the primary provocateur, asserting that European leaders have become complacent and dependent on the Ukraine war to suppress domestic crises, such a...
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<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783305980" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
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<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924295-gaius-and-germanicus-discuss-the-concept-of-honest-graft-in-the-american-republic-from-their-pe"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728282/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728282/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728282/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728282/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728282/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #c0735a; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728282/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1095: Gaius and Germanicus discuss the concept of &quot;honest graft&quot; in the American republic from their perspective in 92 AD Londinium. They define honest graft as the legal wealth gained through government office, citing Donald Trump&#39;s crypto coin venture as a mo
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Gaius and Germanicus discuss the concept of &quot;honest graft&quot; in the American republic from their perspective in 92 AD Londinium. They define honest graft as the legal wealth gained through government office, citing Donald Trump&#39;s crypto coin venture as a modern example. Germanicus argues that such graft acts as a lubricant for a republic, much like Roman consular armies sought wealth in foreign e...
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<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783305879" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
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<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924292-professor-william-taubman-guest-author-concludes-that-following-his-departure-from-the-pentagon"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728260/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728260/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728260/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728260/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728260/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728260/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1094: Professor William Taubman, guest author, concludes that following his departure from the Pentagon in 1968, which Johnson orchestrated out of concern for his health, McNamara became President of the World Bank. He viewed this role as repentance, shifting t
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Professor William Taubman, guest author, concludes that following his departure from the Pentagon in 1968, which Johnson orchestrated out of concern for his health, McNamara became President of the World Bank. He viewed this role as repentance, shifting the bank&#39;s focus to the &quot;poorest of the poor&quot; and leading a major campaign against river blindness in Africa. In his later years, he issued ser...
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<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783304285" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
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<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924291-professor-william-taubman-guest-author-reveals-that-by-1966-mcnamara-was-a-secret-opponent-of"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728256/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728256/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728256/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728256/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728256/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #737373; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728256/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1094: Professor William Taubman, guest author, reveals that by 1966, McNamara was a secret opponent of the war, admitting to aides that he desperately wanted to bring the troops home, yet he remained the public face of the conflict out of loyalty to the preside
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Professor William Taubman, guest author, reveals that by 1966, McNamara was a secret opponent of the war, admitting to aides that he desperately wanted to bring the troops home, yet he remained the public face of the conflict out of loyalty to the presidency. He faced intense student protests at Harvard and was profoundly shaken by a Quaker&#39;s self-immolation outside his window, leading to a per...
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<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924290-professor-william-taubman-guest-author-describes-how-mcnamara-s-loyalty-to-lbj-even-extended-to"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728250/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728250/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728250/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728250/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728250/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728250/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1094: Professor William Taubman, guest author, describes how McNamara&#39;s loyalty to LBJ even extended to acting as a political spy, reporting on the Kennedys&#39; private intentions during the 1964 election to soothe the president&#39;s insecurities. Meanwhile, he maint
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Professor William Taubman, guest author, describes how McNamara&#39;s loyalty to LBJ even extended to acting as a political spy, reporting on the Kennedys&#39; private intentions during the 1964 election to soothe the president&#39;s insecurities. Meanwhile, he maintained a loving relationship with Jackie Kennedy, who viewed him as a father figure for her children while simultaneously pounding on his chest...
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</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
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<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783304151" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
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<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924287-professor-william-taubman-guest-author-explains-that-lbj-deeply-admired-mcnamara-s-efficiency"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728238/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728238/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728238/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728238/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728238/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #262626; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728238/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1094: Professor William Taubman, guest author, explains that LBJ deeply admired McNamara&#39;s efficiency, often summoning his family to the White House for &quot;barbecue&quot; meetings or demanding his presence while swimming. During the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incidents, McNa
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Professor William Taubman, guest author, explains that LBJ deeply admired McNamara&#39;s efficiency, often summoning his family to the White House for &quot;barbecue&quot; meetings or demanding his presence while swimming. During the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incidents, McNamara and Johnson withheld the full truth from Congress regarding the lack of evidence for a second attack, using the resulting resolution as a...
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<span class="d-sm-none">
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<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783304005" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
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<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924284-professor-william-taubman-guest-author-recounts-how-the-assassination-of-jfk-forged-a-deep-op"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728228/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728228/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728228/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728228/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728228/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #262626; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728228/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1094: Professor William Taubman, guest author, recounts how the assassination of JFK forged a deep, &quot;opaque&quot; bond between McNamara and Jackie Kennedy, as he spent the night following the murder sitting at her feet while she recounted the tragedy. Despite his gr
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Professor William Taubman, guest author, recounts how the assassination of JFK forged a deep, &quot;opaque&quot; bond between McNamara and Jackie Kennedy, as he spent the night following the murder sitting at her feet while she recounted the tragedy. Despite his grief, he immediately transitioned to serving Lyndon Johnson, who relied on McNamara&#39;s &quot;tone for action&quot; to justify the escalation of the Vietna...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
8m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783303940" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
8m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924282-professor-william-taubman-guest-author-describes-how-after-the-war-mcnamara-joined-the-whiz"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728222/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728222/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728222/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728222/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728222/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #8d8d8d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728222/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1094: Professor William Taubman, guest author, describes how, after the war, McNamara joined the &quot;Whiz Kids&quot; at Ford Motor Company, rising to become president through his mastery of data and safety innovations like seat belts. In 1960, he was recruited by the K
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Professor William Taubman, guest author, describes how, after the war, McNamara joined the &quot;Whiz Kids&quot; at Ford Motor Company, rising to become president through his mastery of data and safety innovations like seat belts. In 1960, he was recruited by the Kennedy administration, initially resisting the call before accepting the role of Secretary of Defense on the condition that he could manage th...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
11m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783303810" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
11m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924281-professor-william-taubman-guest-author-explains-that-mcnamara-s-intellectual-journey-began-at-b"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728214/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728214/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728214/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728214/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728214/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #404040; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728214/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1094: Professor William Taubman, guest author, explains that McNamara&#39;s intellectual journey began at Berkeley and Harvard Business School, where he was consistently recognized as the &quot;smartest guy&quot; in his class, excelling in economics and mathematics. During a
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Professor William Taubman, guest author, explains that McNamara&#39;s intellectual journey began at Berkeley and Harvard Business School, where he was consistently recognized as the &quot;smartest guy&quot; in his class, excelling in economics and mathematics. During a 1939 trip to Europe, he notably failed to realize that WWII was imminent even after hearing Hitler speak in Berlin, an admission that contras...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
8m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783303622" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
8m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924279-professor-william-taubman-guest-author-recounts-how-in-march-1945-robert-mcnamara-served-on-g"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728208/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728208/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728208/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728208/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728208/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #a6a6a6; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728208/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1094: Professor William Taubman, guest author, recounts how, in March 1945, Robert McNamara served on Guam as a statistical advisor to General Curtis LeMay, where he played a pivotal role in shifting B-29 bombing tactics to low-altitude strikes. This strategy l
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Professor William Taubman, guest author, recounts how, in March 1945, Robert McNamara served on Guam as a statistical advisor to General Curtis LeMay, where he played a pivotal role in shifting B-29 bombing tactics to low-altitude strikes. This strategy led to the devastating firebombing of Tokyo, killing approximately 100,000 civilians and prompting McNamara to later admit that they would have...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
9m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783303547" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
9m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924273-george-black-guest-author-concludes-with-the-ongoing-effort-to-address-the-war-s-legacy-whic"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728182/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728182/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728182/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728182/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728182/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #f3f3da; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728182/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1093:   George Black, guest author, concludes with the ongoing effort to address the war&#39;s legacy, which reached a milestone in 2019 with a bipartisan gathering at Bien Hoa airbase to launch a massive cleanup project. This initiative, supported by figures like 
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
George Black, guest author, concludes with the ongoing effort to address the war&#39;s legacy, which reached a milestone in 2019 with a bipartisan gathering at Bien Hoa airbase to launch a massive cleanup project. This initiative, supported by figures like Patrick Leahy and Charles Bailey, demonstrates that aid for disabled victims should be a humanitarian rather than a political issue. The human i...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
7m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783300955" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
7m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924271-george-black-guest-author-describes-how-in-the-late-1990s-the-canadian-organization-hatfield"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728176/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728176/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728176/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728176/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728176/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadac0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728176/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1093: George Black, guest author, describes how, in the late 1990s, the Canadian organization Hatfield Associates collaborated with the Vietnamese 1080 Committee to conduct a comprehensive study of dioxin contamination. They chose the A Shau Valley as a study s
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
George Black, guest author, describes how, in the late 1990s, the Canadian organization Hatfield Associates collaborated with the Vietnamese 1080 Committee to conduct a comprehensive study of dioxin contamination. They chose the A Shau Valley as a study site because its lack of industrialization proved that any dioxin found must have originated from Agent Orange. The study revealed that while d...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
13m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783300784" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
13m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924269-george-black-guest-author-explains-that-the-mid-1990s-marked-a-turning-point-as-bill-clinton-mo"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728172/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728172/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728172/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728172/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728172/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadada; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728172/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1093: George Black, guest author, explains that the mid-1990s marked a turning point as Bill Clinton moved toward diplomatic normalization with Vietnam in 1995, supported by key veteran senators like John McCain and John Kerry. This political cover was essentia
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
George Black, guest author, explains that the mid-1990s marked a turning point as Bill Clinton moved toward diplomatic normalization with Vietnam in 1995, supported by key veteran senators like John McCain and John Kerry. This political cover was essential to overcome fierce opposition in Congress. During this time, Chuck Searcy returned to Vietnam and co-founded Project RENEW to address the pe...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
8m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783300619" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
8m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924268-george-black-guest-author-recounts-how-in-the-aftermath-of-the-war-the-united-states-struggle"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728168/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728168/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728168/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728168/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728168/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728168/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1093: George Black, guest author, recounts how, in the aftermath of the war, the United States struggled with the trauma of its first major defeat, often looking for scapegoats like the media or &quot;faithless civilians.&quot; This bitterness manifested in the MIA/POW i
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
George Black, guest author, recounts how, in the aftermath of the war, the United States struggled with the trauma of its first major defeat, often looking for scapegoats like the media or &quot;faithless civilians.&quot; This bitterness manifested in the MIA/POW issue, which became a massive political obstacle to normalizing relations with Vietnam. A legend persisted that living American prisoners were ...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
10m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783300533" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
10m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924267-george-black-guest-author-describes-how-manus-campbell-s-experience-in-the-mountains-of-i-corps"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728164/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728164/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728164/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728164/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728164/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #5a5a5a; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728164/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1093: George Black, guest author, describes how Manus Campbell&#39;s experience in the mountains of I Corps was defined by the arbitrariness of death and survival. His unit frequently walked into triangular ambushes set by elite North Vietnamese regulars, resulting
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
George Black, guest author, describes how Manus Campbell&#39;s experience in the mountains of I Corps was defined by the arbitrariness of death and survival. His unit frequently walked into triangular ambushes set by elite North Vietnameseregulars, resulting in horrific firefights where survival had little to do with skill. Campbell witnessed companions die in his place due to random movements, a p...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
7m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783300456" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
7m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924266-george-black-guest-author-introduces-two-central-protagonists-manus-campbell-and-chuck-searcy"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728160/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728160/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728160/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728160/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728160/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #5a5a5a; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728160/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1093: George Black, guest author, introduces two central protagonists, Manus Campbell and Chuck Searcy, who arrived in Vietnam in June 1967. Campbell, a young Marine from New Jersey, was driven by a desire to prove himself to his demanding father and joined the
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
George Black, guest author, introduces two central protagonists, Manus Campbell and Chuck Searcy, who arrived in Vietnam in June 1967. Campbell, a young Marine from New Jersey, was driven by a desire to prove himself to his demanding father and joined the elite Marines to become a hero. He was assigned to the first battalion of the fourth Marines and deployed to I Corps, the most dangerous comb...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
13m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783300364" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
13m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924265-george-black-guest-author-explains-that-by-1965-the-united-states-escalated-the-conflict-by-de"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728156/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728156/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728156/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728156/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728156/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #737373; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728156/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1093: George Black, guest author, explains that by 1965, the United States escalated the conflict by deploying Marines to Da Nang to protect the airfield. This period marked the expansion of Operation Ranch Hand, a campaign focused on using technology to defeat
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
George Black, guest author, explains that by 1965, the United States escalated the conflict by deploying Marines to Da Nang to protect the airfield. This period marked the expansion of Operation Ranch Hand, a campaign focused on using technology to defeat the natural advantages of the Vietnamese terrain. The American military utilized herbicides to defoliate the dense triple-canopy jungles and ...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
7m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783300284" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
7m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924264-george-black-guest-author-recounts-how-in-may-1959-the-north-vietnamese-leadership-held-a-cri"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728152/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728152/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728152/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728152/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728152/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #5a5a5a; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728152/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1093: George Black, guest author, recounts how, in May 1959, the North Vietnamese leadership held a critical meeting in Hanoi to determine the future of their revolutionary struggle. While figures like Ho Chi Minh and Vo Nguyen Giap were cautious about provokin
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
George Black, guest author, recounts how, in May 1959, the North Vietnamese leadership held a critical meeting in Hanoi to determine the future of their revolutionary struggle. While figures like Ho Chi Minh and Vo Nguyen Giapwere cautious about provoking the United States, Le Duan, the rigorous head of the Vietnamese Communist Party, pushed for a more militant approach to liberate the South. T...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
11m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783300208" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
11m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924262-geoffrey-wawro-guest-author-concludes-that-after-the-1973-peace-deal-the-nva-rebuilt-their-fo"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728142/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728142/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728142/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728142/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728142/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #daf3f3; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728142/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1092:  Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, concludes that after the 1973 peace deal, the NVA rebuilt their forces, confident that a distracted US government—weakened by Watergate and the oil crisis—would not intervene again. When the final 1975 offensive beg         
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, concludes that after the 1973 peace deal, the NVA rebuilt their forces, confident that a distracted US government—weakened by Watergate and the oil crisis—would not intervene again. When the final 1975 offensive began, President Ford did not react, and the ARVN, suffering from slashed funding and ammunition shortages, rapidly collapsed. President Thieu&#39;s decision t...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
9m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783299249" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
9m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924261-geoffrey-wawro-guest-author-describes-how-nixon-s-vietnamization-policy-aimed-to-prepare-the"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728138/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728138/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728138/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728138/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728138/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728138/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1092: Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, describes how Nixon&#39;s &quot;Vietnamization&quot; policy aimed to prepare the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) to fight independently through massive equipment transfers. However, the 1971 invasion of Laos (Lam Son 719) proved a disaster, r
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, describes how Nixon&#39;s &quot;Vietnamization&quot; policy aimed to prepare the South Vietnamesearmy (ARVN) to fight independently through massive equipment transfers. However, the 1971 invasion of Laos (Lam Son 719) proved a disaster, revealing that the ARVN lacked the leadership and staff work to execute complex operations without American ground support. In 1972, Nixon respo...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
11m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783299169" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
11m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924260-geoffrey-wawro-guest-author-explains-that-in-1970-nixon-ordered-an-incursion-into-cambodia-to"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728132/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728132/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728132/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728132/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728132/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #404040; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728132/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1092: Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, explains that in 1970, Nixon ordered an incursion into Cambodia to destroy NVA supply dumps and the Ho Chi Minh Trail extensions. While US forces captured significant materiel, the NVA simply withdrew deeper into the interior
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, explains that in 1970, Nixon ordered an incursion into Cambodia to destroy NVA supply dumps and the Ho Chi Minh Trail extensions. While US forces captured significant materiel, the NVA simply withdrew deeper into the interior and rebuilt their supply lines shortly after the Americans left. This widening of the war triggered unprecedented domestic protests, most not...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
7m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783299100" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
7m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924259-geoffrey-wawro-guest-author-details-how-richard-nixon-derailed-peace-talks-in-1968-through-anna"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728128/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728128/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728128/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728128/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728128/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728128/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1092: Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, details how Richard Nixon derailed peace talks in 1968 through Anna Chennault, promising South Vietnamese President Thieu a &quot;better deal&quot; to prevent a &quot;November surprise&quot; for Hubert Humphrey. This move resulted in the war con
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, details how Richard Nixon derailed peace talks in 1968 through Anna Chennault, promising South Vietnamese President Thieu a &quot;better deal&quot; to prevent a &quot;November surprise&quot; for Hubert Humphrey. This move resulted in the war continuing for four more years, costing 28,000 additional American lives for essentially the same peace terms available in 1968. Under Nixon, the...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
11m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783299049" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
11m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924257-geoffrey-wawro-guest-author-recounts-how-in-january-1968-the-tet-offensive-was-launched-by-th"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728118/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728118/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728118/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728118/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728118/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728118/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1092: Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, recounts how, in January 1968, the Tet Offensive was launched by the NVA and Viet Cong to deliver a knockout blow to the South Vietnamese government. While the communists suffered massive tactical losses, they achieved a stra
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, recounts how, in January 1968, the Tet Offensive was launched by the NVA and Viet Cong to deliver a knockout blow to the South Vietnamese government. While the communists suffered massive tactical losses, they achieved a strategic victory in information warfare by shattering the American public&#39;s illusion of progress. This shift was cemented by Walter Cronkite&#39;s br...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
9m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783298993" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
9m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924256-geoffrey-wawro-guest-author-describes-how-westmoreland-s-strategy-consisted-of-three-phases-a"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728116/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728116/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728116/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728116/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728116/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadada; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728116/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1092: Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, describes how Westmoreland&#39;s strategy consisted of three phases: a massive logistical buildup, crushing search-and-destroy operations, and eventually handing the war over to a capable South Vietnamese army. However, the plan 
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, describes how Westmoreland&#39;s strategy consisted of three phases: a massive logistical buildup, crushing search-and-destroy operations, and eventually handing the war over to a capable South Vietnamesearmy. However, the plan faltered because the vast majority of operations never made contact with the enemy, who chose to protract the war to exhaust American patience....
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
10m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783298949" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
10m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924255-geoffrey-wawro-guest-author-explains-that-general-westmoreland-introduced-the-search-and-destr"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728112/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728112/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728112/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728112/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728112/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadada; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728112/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1092: Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, explains that General Westmoreland introduced the &quot;search and destroy&quot; concept, aiming to use superior US mobility and technology to annihilate North Vietnamese Army (NVA) forces. The Battle of Ia Drang in November 1965 becam
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, explains that General Westmoreland introduced the &quot;search and destroy&quot; concept, aiming to use superior US mobility and technology to annihilate North Vietnamese Army (NVA) forces. The Battle of Ia Drang in November 1965 became a pivotal test for this strategy, featuring Hal Moore&#39;s 7th Cavalry. As US troops deployed, the NVA responded by escalating to regular regim...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
8m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783298909" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
8m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924254-geoffrey-wawro-guest-author-explores-the-gulf-of-tonkin-incident-in-august-1964-which-served-a"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43728106/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728106/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728106/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728106/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43728106/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #737373; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43728106/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1092: Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, explores the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964, which served as a political catalyst for the Vietnam War. Lyndon Johnson and Robert McNamara sought an incident to galvanize domestic support against conservative critics a
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Geoffrey Wawro, guest author, explores the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964, which served as a political catalyst for the Vietnam War. Lyndon Johnson and Robert McNamara sought an incident to galvanize domestic support against conservative critics accusing them of a &quot;no-win&quot; policy. Though the attack was largely concocted or provoked by covert CIA operations, it provided the &quot;blank check&quot;...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
10m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783298852" data-format="short_date">Jul 06</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
10m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924127-colonel-jeff-mccausland-reflects-on-how-following-the-battle-the-war-s-brutality-is-mirrore"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadada; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1091:     Colonel Jeff McCausland reflects on how, following the battle, the war&#39;s brutality is mirrored by civil unrest, specifically the deadly 1863 draft riots in New York City, highlighting deep internal divisions within the North. While General Meade celeb
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Colonel Jeff McCausland reflects on how, following the battle, the war&#39;s brutality is mirrored by civil unrest, specifically the deadly 1863 draft riots in New York City, highlighting deep internal divisions within the North. While General Meade celebrates his victory, President Lincoln remains despondent over the missed opportunity to end the war by failing to capture Lee&#39;s army. In November 1...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
9m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783226426" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
9m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924126-colonel-jeff-mccausland-recounts-how-on-july-3-robert-e-lee-initiates-a-bold-assault-aimed-at"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadada; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727576/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1091: Colonel Jeff McCausland recounts how, on July 3, Robert E. Lee initiates a bold assault aimed at the Union center on Cemetery Ridge, though faulty assumptions regarding troop strength and coordination plague the plan. A massive two-hour artillery barrage—
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Colonel Jeff McCausland recounts how, on July 3, Robert E. Lee initiates a bold assault aimed at the Union center on Cemetery Ridge, though faulty assumptions regarding troop strength and coordination plague the plan. A massive two-hour artillery barrage—the largest in North American history—precedes the infantry advance but proves largely ineffective due to defective fuses and heavy smoke obsc...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
12m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783226289" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
12m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924125-colonel-jeff-mccausland-explains-that-by-july-2-the-union-army-establishes-a-formidable-fishhoo"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727572/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727572/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727572/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727572/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727572/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadada; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727572/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1091: Colonel Jeff McCausland explains that by July 2, the Union Army establishes a formidable &quot;fishhook&quot; defensive formation from Culp&#39;s Hill to the Round Tops, benefiting from interior lines that allow General Meade to reposition forces much faster than Gener
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Colonel Jeff McCausland explains that by July 2, the Union Army establishes a formidable &quot;fishhook&quot; defensive formation from Culp&#39;s Hill to the Round Tops, benefiting from interior lines that allow General Meade to reposition forces much faster than General Lee. Lee seeks to break this line, but delays in General Longstreet&#39;s advance push the primary assault into late afternoon. A significant t...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
10m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783225541" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
10m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924124-colonel-jeff-mccausland-describes-how-on-the-morning-of-july-1-1863-union-general-john-buford"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727568/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727568/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727568/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727568/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727568/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadada; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727568/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1091: Colonel Jeff McCausland describes how, on the morning of July 1, 1863, Union General John Buford&#39;s cavalry identifies Confederate infantry advancing from the west toward the vital crossroads of Gettysburg. Recognizing the critical nature of the terrain, B
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Colonel Jeff McCausland describes how, on the morning of July 1, 1863, Union General John Buford&#39;s cavalry identifies Confederate infantry advancing from the west toward the vital crossroads of Gettysburg. Recognizing the critical nature of the terrain, Buford deploys his men on McPherson&#39;s Ridge and Oak Hill to delay the advance, sending an urgent request to General John Reynolds for infantry ...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
9m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783225377" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
9m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924121-patrick-k-o-donnell-guest-author-describes-how-in-the-war-s-final-hours-robert-e-lee-face"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727554/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727554/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727554/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727554/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727554/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #737373; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727554/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1090:   Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, describes how, in the war&#39;s final hours, Robert E. Lee faced a monumental decision: follow Jefferson Davis&#39;s orders to scatter his army into the mountains to conduct guerrilla warfare, or surrender. Lee chose to put &quot;
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, describes how, in the war&#39;s final hours, Robert E. Lee faced a monumental decision: follow Jefferson Davis&#39;s orders to scatter his army into the mountains to conduct guerrilla warfare, or surrender. Leechose to put &quot;America first,&quot; rejecting the insurgency path to avoid subjecting the South to generations of further destruction. This act of statesmanship led ...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
6m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783220397" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
6m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924120-patrick-k-o-donnell-guest-author-explains-that-following-blazer-s-capture-harry-harrison-youn"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dac08d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1090: Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, explains that following Blazer&#39;s capture, Harry Harrison Young took command of the Union&#39;s special forces assets under Phil Sheridan. Only 5&#39;5&quot; but &quot;absolutely fearless,&quot; Young transformed the Jesse Scouts into a vital 
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, explains that following Blazer&#39;s capture, Harry Harrison Young took command of the Union&#39;s special forces assets under Phil Sheridan. Only 5&#39;5&quot; but &quot;absolutely fearless,&quot; Young transformed the Jesse Scouts into a vital strategic asset. These scouts, often operating in Confederate uniforms, conducted suicide missions and used elaborate disguises—such as peddle...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
14m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783220320" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
14m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924119-patrick-k-o-donnell-guest-author-details-the-final-confrontation-between-richard-blazer-and-mo"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727546/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727546/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727546/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727546/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727546/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #8d8d8d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727546/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1090: Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, details the final confrontation between Richard Blazer and Mosby&#39;s Rangers at Cabletown (or Meyerstown). After Blazer&#39;s scouts had embarrassed the Rangers twice, Mosby orchestrated a massive 300-man ambush. During a run
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, details the final confrontation between Richard Blazer and Mosby&#39;s Rangers at Cabletown (or Meyerstown). After Blazer&#39;s scouts had embarrassed the Rangers twice, Mosby orchestrated a massive 300-man ambush. During a running gun battle across farmland, Lewis Powell, a Ranger known as &quot;Terrible Powell,&quot; personally captured Blazer. The significance of Powell&#39;s r...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
4m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783220198" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
4m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924118-patrick-k-o-donnell-guest-author-recounts-how-by-august-1864-general-ulysses-s-grant-had-gr"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727542/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727542/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727542/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727542/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727542/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #f3f3da; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727542/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1090: Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, recounts how, by August 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant had grown enraged by the disruption caused by irregular partisans and ordered Phil Sheridan to initiate &quot;total war&quot; in the Shenandoah Valley. Grant&#39;s instructions w
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, recounts how, by August 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant had grown enraged by the disruption caused by irregular partisans and ordered Phil Sheridan to initiate &quot;total war&quot; in the Shenandoah Valley. Grant&#39;s instructions were severe: hang captured Rangers without trial, destroy all crops and livestock, and take all men under 50 as prisoners. While Sheridan did n...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
14m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783220105" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
14m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924117-patrick-k-o-donnell-guest-author-explains-that-in-the-summer-of-1864-confederate-general-juba"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dac08d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727538/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1090: Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, explains that in the summer of 1864, Confederate General Jubal Early, known as Lee&#39;s &quot;mean old dog,&quot; launched a bold campaign that brought the war to the gates of the nation&#39;s capital. After repelling Union forces at Ly
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, explains that in the summer of 1864, Confederate General Jubal Early, known as Lee&#39;s &quot;mean old dog,&quot; launched a bold campaign that brought the war to the gates of the nation&#39;s capital. After repelling Union forces at Lynchburg, Early marched through the Shenandoah Valley and into Maryland, winning a time-consuming victory at Monocacy against Lew Wallace. This...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
10m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783220043" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
10m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924116-patrick-k-o-donnell-guest-author-describes-how-in-early-1864-the-union-launched-the-dahlgren"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727534/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727534/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727534/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727534/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727534/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadada; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727534/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1090: Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, describes how, in early 1864, the Union launched the Dahlgren Raid, a daring &quot;decapitation raid&quot; aimed at infiltrating Richmond to burn the city and kill or capture Jefferson Davis. Led by Ulric Dahlgren and General Kil
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
  Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, describes how, in early 1864, the Union launched the Dahlgren Raid, a daring &quot;decapitation raid&quot; aimed at infiltrating Richmond to burn the city and kill or capture Jefferson Davis. Led by Ulric Dahlgren and General Kilpatrick, the mission disintegrated in the Richmond suburbs, and Dahlgren was killed. Orders found on his body—initially dismissed as a South...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
10m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783219968" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
10m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924115-patrick-k-o-donnell-guest-author-recounts-how-in-1863-richard-blazer-emerged-as-an-unlikely"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727530/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727530/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727530/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727530/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727530/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #c0c0c0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727530/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1090: Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, recounts how, in 1863, Richard Blazer emerged as an unlikely Union hero, leading &quot;Blazer&#39;s Scouts,&quot; also known as the Legion of Honor. A former barge driver who was often disheveled on the parade ground, Blazer possesse
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, recounts how, in 1863, Richard Blazer emerged as an unlikely Union hero, leading &quot;Blazer&#39;s Scouts,&quot; also known as the Legion of Honor. A former barge driver who was often disheveled on the parade ground, Blazer possessed a unique talent for &quot;hunting people.&quot; His unit functioned as the first modern hunter-killer team in the U.S. Army, specifically tasked with ...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
7m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783219876" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
7m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924114-patrick-k-o-donnell-guest-author-introduces-captain-john-charles-carpenter-and-the-origins-of"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727526/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727526/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727526/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727526/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727526/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #8d8d8d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727526/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1090: Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, introduces Captain John Charles Carpenter and the origins of the Jesse Scouts, a Union special operations group formed in Missouri in 1861. Named after Jesse Fremont, wife of General John C. Fremont, these scouts utiliz
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Patrick K. O&#39;Donnell, guest author, introduces Captain John Charles Carpenter and the origins of the Jesse Scouts, a Union special operations group formed in Missouri in 1861. Named after Jesse Fremont, wife of General John C. Fremont, these scouts utilized 21st-century tradecraft, such as wearing Confederate uniforms to infiltrate enemy lines and conduct daring reconnaissance missions at sites...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
11m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783219793" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
11m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924113-robert-cwiklik-guest-author-explains-that-the-ultimate-turning-point-came-when-grant-decided-to"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727520/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727520/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727520/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727520/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727520/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #262626; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727520/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1089: Robert Cwiklik, guest author, explains that the ultimate turning point came when Grant decided to back down from Sheridan&#39;s aggressive mission. As the news reached New Orleans, telegraph operators shouted, &quot;Grant backs down,&quot; a moment celebrated by the Wh
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Robert Cwiklik, guest author, explains that the ultimate turning point came when Grant decided to back down from Sheridan&#39;s aggressive mission. As the news reached New Orleans, telegraph operators shouted, &quot;Grant backs down,&quot; a moment celebrated by the White League as a definitive victory. Although Republicans attempted to pass new enforcement legislation, the effort was stalled by Democrats wh...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
7m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783217389" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
7m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924112-robert-cwiklik-guest-author-describes-how-following-the-legislative-intervention-sheridan-sen"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727516/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727516/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727516/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727516/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727516/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #8d8d8d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727516/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1089: Robert Cwiklik, guest author, describes how, following the legislative intervention, Sheridan sent his infamous &quot;Banditti&quot; telegrams to Secretary of War William Belknap. He proposed that Congress declare the White League ringleaders &quot;Banditti&quot; so they cou
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Robert Cwiklik, guest author, describes how, following the legislative intervention, Sheridan sent his infamous &quot;Banditti&quot; telegrams to Secretary of War William Belknap. He proposed that Congress declare the White Leagueringleaders &quot;Banditti&quot; so they could be tried by military commissions and executed. Sheridan&#39;s blunt call for military justice against &quot;respectable&quot; white citizens sparked natio...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
13m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783217308" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
13m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924111-robert-cwiklik-guest-author-explains-that-sheridan-arrived-in-new-orleans-in-late-1874-but-his"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727512/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727512/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727512/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727512/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727512/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #8d8d8d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727512/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1089: Robert Cwiklik, guest author, explains that Sheridan arrived in New Orleans in late 1874, but his presence immediately sparked suspicion and sarcasm from the local white press. On January 4, 1875, the situation reached a breaking point during the organiza
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Robert Cwiklik, guest author, explains that Sheridan arrived in New Orleans in late 1874, but his presence immediately sparked suspicion and sarcasm from the local white press. On January 4, 1875, the situation reached a breaking point during the organization of the Louisiana legislature at the St. Louis Hotel. Democrats staged a violent takeover of the House floor, installing their own speaker...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
8m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783217186" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
8m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924110-robert-cwiklik-guest-author-recounts-how-in-the-wake-of-the-1874-white-league-coup-president"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727508/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727508/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727508/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727508/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727508/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #dadac0; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727508/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1089: Robert Cwiklik, guest author, recounts how, in the wake of the 1874 White League coup, President Grant felt compelled to take decisive action, despite the 1874 midterm elections flipping the House of Representatives to Democratic control. Grant initially 
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Robert Cwiklik, guest author, recounts how, in the wake of the 1874 White League coup, President Grant felt compelled to take decisive action, despite the 1874 midterm elections flipping the House of Representatives to Democratic control. Grant initially used massive military force—including warships and infantry—to restore Governor Kellogg, but he realized a permanent solution was needed as wh...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
9m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783216924" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
9m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924109-robert-cwiklik-guest-author-describes-how-by-1874-the-crescent-city-white-league-an-armed-vi"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727504/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727504/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727504/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727504/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727504/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #a6a68d; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727504/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1089: Robert Cwiklik, guest author, describes how, by 1874, the Crescent City White League, an armed vigilante group, emerged to violently intimidate Republican officials and Black voters in Louisiana. Their aggression was fueled by a circuit judge&#39;s opinion su
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Robert Cwiklik, guest author, describes how, by 1874, the Crescent City White League, an armed vigilante group, emerged to violently intimidate Republican officials and Black voters in Louisiana. Their aggression was fueled by a circuit judge&#39;s opinion suggesting that federal Enforcement Acts might be unconstitutional, which white Southerners interpreted as a &quot;green light&quot; for resistance. In Se...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
6m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783216870" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
6m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924108-robert-cwiklik-guest-author-explains-that-following-the-1866-massacres-congress-passed-the-rec"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727500/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727500/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727500/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727500/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727500/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #262626; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727500/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1089: Robert Cwiklik, guest author, explains that following the 1866 massacres, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, imposing military rule and requiring new state constitutions that enfranchised Black men. This era saw the rise of &quot;carpetbaggers&quot;—No
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Robert Cwiklik, guest author, explains that following the 1866 massacres, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, imposing military rule and requiring new state constitutions that enfranchised Black men. This era saw the rise of &quot;carpetbaggers&quot;—Northern Republicans who moved south and were elected by newly empowered Black voters—and the implementation of progressive policies like public...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
13m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783216758" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
13m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924107-robert-cwiklik-guest-author-recounts-how-in-july-1866-new-orleans-became-the-site-of-a-brutal"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727496/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727496/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727496/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727496/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727496/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #735a26; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727496/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1089: Robert Cwiklik, guest author, recounts how, in July 1866, New Orleans became the site of a brutal police-led riot against a constitutional convention aimed at securing Black voting rights. Following Lincoln&#39;s death, President Andrew Johnson&#39;s lenient Reco
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Robert Cwiklik, guest author, recounts how, in July 1866, New Orleans became the site of a brutal police-led riot against a constitutional convention aimed at securing Black voting rights. Following Lincoln&#39;s death, President Andrew Johnson&#39;s lenient Reconstruction policy empowered former Confederates, who enacted &quot;Black Codes&quot; to essentially re-enslave African-Americans through vagrancy laws a...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
7m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783216701" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
7m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>
<hr class="mvn mhs text-black-50 opacity-25">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-0 pas qa-audio-clip-overview" style="--bs-card-bg: transparent;">
<a class="text-decoration-none" href="/posts/8924106-robert-cwiklik-guest-author-discusses-the-pivotal-moments-following-lee-s-surrender-on-april-9"><div class="Episode-list-grid card-body pan">
<div class="l-flex align-items-baseline gap-2 gap-md-3">
<img srcset="https://audioboom.com/i/43727492/75x75/c 75w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727492/150x150/c 150w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727492/300x300/c 300w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727492/600x600/c 600w, https://audioboom.com/i/43727492/1400x1400/c 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 64px, 96px" style="background-color: #8d7373; max-width: 96px; width: 15cqw;" class="js-img-bg ratio-square rounded-1" loading="lazy" src="https://audioboom.com/i/43727492/1400x1400/c" />
<div class="vstack gap-1 my-auto">
<h5 class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-h fs-6 fs-5-lg fw-normal mb-0">
S8 Ep1089: Robert Cwiklik, guest author, discusses the pivotal moments following Lee&#39;s surrender on April 9, 1865. President Lincoln, addressing a jubilant crowd, tentatively endorsed voting rights for African-Americans, specifically those who served in the Union Ar
</h5>
<div class="text-line-clamp text-line-clamp-3 balanced-p fs-8 text-muted text-break">
Robert Cwiklik, guest author, discusses the pivotal moments following Lee&#39;s surrender on April 9, 1865. President Lincoln, addressing a jubilant crowd, tentatively endorsed voting rights for African-Americans, specifically those who served in the Union Army or demonstrated &quot;intelligence.&quot; This stance was influenced by his 1864 meeting with New Orleans intellectuals John Baptist Roudanez and Arn...
</div>
<div class="text-muted df align-items-baseline gap-2 fs-8">
<span class="numeric-tabular d-sm-none">
10m
</span>
<span class="d-sm-none">
&bull;
</span>
<span><span class="js-time" data-epochtime="1783216628" data-format="short_date">Jul 05</span></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-none d-sm-grid" style="justify-self: center; align-items: center;">
<div class="fs-8 numeric-tabular text-nowrap text-muted phs">
10m
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a></div>

</template></turbo-stream>
  <turbo-stream action="replace" target="turbo_pagination"><template><turbo-frame loading="lazy" id="turbo_pagination" src="/channel/johnbatchelor.turbo_stream?list=1&amp;page=16"><div aria-hidden="true" class="card rounded-0 border-0 border-bottom">
<div class="card-body df align-items-center placeholder-glow text-black-50">
<div class="w-100">
<h5>
<div class="placeholder col-6"></div>
</h5>
<div class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:15ch"></div>
</div>
<div class="mla">
<span class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:4ch"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="card rounded-0 border-0 border-bottom">
<div class="card-body df align-items-center placeholder-glow text-black-50">
<div class="w-100">
<h5>
<div class="placeholder col-6"></div>
</h5>
<div class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:15ch"></div>
</div>
<div class="mla">
<span class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:4ch"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="card rounded-0 border-0 border-bottom">
<div class="card-body df align-items-center placeholder-glow text-black-50">
<div class="w-100">
<h5>
<div class="placeholder col-6"></div>
</h5>
<div class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:15ch"></div>
</div>
<div class="mla">
<span class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:4ch"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="card rounded-0 border-0 border-bottom">
<div class="card-body df align-items-center placeholder-glow text-black-50">
<div class="w-100">
<h5>
<div class="placeholder col-6"></div>
</h5>
<div class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:15ch"></div>
</div>
<div class="mla">
<span class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:4ch"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div aria-hidden="true" class="card rounded-0 border-0 border-bottom">
<div class="card-body df align-items-center placeholder-glow text-black-50">
<div class="w-100">
<h5>
<div class="placeholder col-6"></div>
</h5>
<div class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:15ch"></div>
</div>
<div class="mla">
<span class="placeholder placeholder-sm" style="width:4ch"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="visually-hidden">
<a href="/channel/johnbatchelor?list=1&amp;page=16">next page</a>
</div>
</turbo-frame></template></turbo-stream>
