Can an algorithm actually give you your life back? A recent Stanford paper revealed that using large language models at home yields massive efficiency gains—up to 176%. For busy surgeons drowning in clinical duties and administrative bloat, every reclaimed second is priceless.
In this episode of Behind the Knife, Ayman and Patrick sit down with Christian Péan—an orthopedic trauma surgeon, Duke’s Executive Director of AI and IT Innovation, and the Founder/CEO of RevelAi Health. He’s also a Core faculty member at the Duke-Margolis Institute for Health Policy. Dr. Péan breaks down how naturally skeptical surgeons can adopt AI to save time, shares his granular daily workflow, and discusses his mission to cure physician burnout through tech. Whether you are a tech enthusiast or a total skeptic, this episode gives you the practical playbook for integrating AI into your surgical career today.

Hosts:
- Ayman Ali, MD
Ayman Ali is a PGY-4 at Duke Hospital and current Behind the Knife fellow.
- Patrick Georgoff, MD @georgoff
Patrick Georgoff is faculty in the Department of Surgery at the Duke University School of Medicine where he serves as an Associate Professor of Trauma, Acute, and Critical Care Surgery and Trauma Medical Director. He is a leading educator and creator for Behind the Knife, a premier digital education platform and podcast advancing surgical training through innovative, high-yield multimedia content.
- Christian Péan, MD @DrChristianPean
Christian Péan is faculty in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the Duke University School of Medicine where he serves as Executive Director of AI and IT Innovation. He is the Founder and CEO of RevelAi Health, a health technology company advancing the transition to value-based care in musculoskeletal health with conversational AI. He is also author of the popular substack Techy Surgeon.  
https://www.revelaihealth.com/
https://techysurgeon.substack.com/

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What are the experts saying about thyroid cancer treatment in 2025?  Maybe it’s time to discuss deescalation of aggressive surgical care for lower risk thyroid cancers.  We can accept that less surgery may be appropriate in select cases, including more thyroid lobectomies versus total thyroidectomies, consider less invasive approaches such as percutaneous ablation techniques, and utilize more observation with active surveillance.  Early assessment of treatment may allow appropriate reduction in use of radioactive iodine ablation and more relaxed routine monitoring can reduce surveillance burden to patients and providers. 

Hosts:  
- Amanda Doubleday, DO, MBA, Assistant Professor, Waukesha Surgical Specialists, ProHealth Care.  Affiliated with University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery.  
- Simon Holoubek, DO, MPH, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery.  
- Alexander Chiu, MD, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery.  
- Rebecca S Sippel, MD, FACS, Professor and Chair of Division of Endocrine Surgery, Vice Chair of Academic Affairs and Professional Development, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery.  

Learning Objectives:
- Risk stratification system now includes 4 categories: low, low-intermediate, high-intermediate, and high
-TSH suppression targets are simplified:  below the normal range if there is structural or biochemical disease and in the normal range if disease free. 
- Thyroid lobectomy is recommended for tumors < 2cm cT1N0 tumors and can be considered for tumors 2-4 cm. 
- Micro-Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (<1cm) can be managed with active surveillance and/or percutaneous ablation 
- Central compartment lymph node dissection includes levels 6-7. 
- RAI is strongly not recommended for low risk cancers.   Can be considered in low-intermediate and high-intermediate cancers.  It is routinely recommended in high risk cancers. 

References: 
Ringel MD, Sosa JA, Baloch Z, Bischoff L, Bloom G, Brent GA, Brock PL, Chou R, Flavell RR, Goldner W, Grubbs EG, Haymart M, Larson SM, Leung AM, Osborne JR, Ridge JA, Robinson B, Steward DL, Tufano RP, Wirth LJ. 2025 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2025 Aug;35(8):841-985. doi: 10.1177/10507256251363120. Erratum in: Thyroid. 2025 Nov;35(11):1350. doi: 10.1177/10507256251387671. PMID: 40844370.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40844370/

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For decades, a tight carotid stenosis felt like a ticking time bomb — a plaque waiting to throw an embolus and cause the next stroke. We were taught that severe narrowing meant surgery, and trials like ACAS and ACST-1 seemed to prove it. But medicine has changed. Statins, antiplatelets, tighter blood pressure control, even PCSK9 and GLP-1 therapies have quietly slashed stroke risk, and now newer data from CREST-2 suggest that for many asymptomatic patients, the knife — or the stent — may not add much at all. So if modern medical therapy works better than ever… who actually benefits from intervention anymore? Today, we unpack the evidence, the controversies, and how to counsel the patient who feels perfectly fine but has high-grade stenosis.

Hosts: Carolyn Judge, Andrew Huang, Luciano Delbono, Frank Davis, Robert Beaulieu

Institution: University of Michigan, Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery

Learning objectives:

1. Describe how modern intensive medical therapy has transformed the natural history of asymptomatic carotid stenosis and explain why contemporary patients experience substantially lower annual stroke risk than those in earlier eras.
2. Interpret and compare the results of landmark trials—including ACAS, ACST-1, and CREST-2—to assess the relative benefits of medical therapy, endarterectomy, and stenting.
3. Apply current evidence and guideline recommendations to patient care by selecting which asymptomatic patients are most likely to benefit from carotid revascularization versus optimized medical therapy alone.

In this episode, our expert panel dives into the critical, historically debated topic of early burn wound excision using a real-world case of a patient with massive surface area burns. We explore the dramatic shift from the pre-1970s "wait and watch" approach to the modern standard of early source control, backed by landmark literature showing reduced mortality and shorter hospital stays. The discussion also highlights the nuances of this timeline, covering specific scenarios where delaying surgery is actually safer due to physiologic instability, uncertain burn depths, or mass casualty events. Tune in to hear the evidence behind these clinical decisions and learn why modern burn surgeons believe that removing necrotic eschar early is the best way to dominate the day!

Hosts: 

- Kathleen Romanowski – University of California Davis Hospital, Shriners Hospital Sacramento
- Laura Johnson – Grady Memorial Hospital
- Lauren Nosanov – Grady Memorial Hospital
-  Victoria Miles – Louisiana State University Health Science Center, University Medical Center New Orleans

Learning Objectives:
- Review the historical development of early burn excision and understand how these studies shaped modern burn surgical practice.
-  Evaluate contemporary evidence on the timing of burn excision.
- Apply current evidence and clinical principles to operative decision-making, identifying key patient and injury factors that influence the timing of excision and grafting in patients with major thermal injury.

References:

- Thompson P, Herndon DN, Abston S, Rutan T. Effect of early excision on patients with major thermal injury. J Trauma. 1987 Feb;27(2):205-7. doi: 10.1097/00005373-198702000-00019. PMID: 3820353. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3820353/
-  Gray DT, Pine RW, Harnar TJ, Marvin JA, Engrav LH, Heimbach DM. Early surgical excision versus conventional therapy in patients with 20 to 40 percent burns. A comparative study. Am J Surg. 1982 Jul;144(1):76-80. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(82)90605-5. PMID: 7046487. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7046487/
- De La Tejera G, Corona K, Efejuku T, Keys P, Joglar A, Villarreal E, Gotewal S, Wermine K, Huang L, Golovko G, El Ayadi A, Palackic A, Wolf SE, Song J. Early wound excision within three days decreases risks of wound infection and death in burned patients. Burns. 2023 Dec;49(8):1816-1822. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.06.003. Epub 2023 Jun 15. PMID: 37369613; PMCID: PMC10721718. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37369613/
- Ramsey WA, O'Neil CF Jr, Corona AM, Cohen BL, Lyons NB, Meece MS, Saberi RA, Gilna GP, Satahoo SS, Kaufman JI, Schulman CI, Namias N, Proctor KG, Pizano LR. Burn excision within 48 hours portends better outcomes than standard management: A nationwide analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023 Jul 1;95(1):111-115. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000003951. Epub 2023 Apr 11. PMID: 37038260. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37038260/
- Hayashi K, Sasabuchi Y, Matsui H, Nakajima M, Otawara M, Ohbe H, Fushimi K, Ono K, Yasunaga H. Does early excision or skin grafting of severe burns improve prognosis? A retrospective cohort study. Burns. 2023 May;49(3):554-561. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.01.013. Epub 2023 Feb 3. PMID: 36774244. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36774244/
- Janzekovic Z. Once upon a time ... how west discovered east. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61(3):240-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.01.001. Epub 2008 Feb 1. PMID: 18243082. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18243082/

This mini-series on Behind the Knife delves into the technical aspects of the Operative Standards for Cancer Surgery, developed through the American College of Surgeons Cancer Research Program and Cancer Surgery Standards Program. This episode highlights sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer.

Hosts:
- Lexy (Alexandra) Adams, MD, MPH (@lexyadams16) is a Surgical Oncology fellow at MD Anderson Cancer Center.
- Lauren Postlewait, MD, FACS, is an Associate Professor of Surgery at Emory University School of Medicine and is the Medical Director of the Breast Center at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, GA.
- Chantal Reyna, MD, FACS (@kprgrl3) is a Breast surgical oncologist at Loyola University Medical Center in Chicago, IL and serves as the oncology clinical lead for the breast service line.

Guest:
- Susan E. Pories, MD, FACS (@SusanPoriesMD) is a professor of surgery, vice chair for quality and safety, and director of the Rutger’s Breast Center at the University hospital. 

Learning Objectives: 
-       Understand the definition and identification of axillary sentinel lymph node. 
-       Understand the technique for injecting tracer or dye to perform sentinel lymph node biopsy. 
-       Understand the importance of preincision drainage evaluation and transcutaneous localization.
-       Understand techniques to minimize seroma formation.

Links to Papers Referenced in this Episode
Operative Standards for Cancer Surgery, Volume 1: Breast, Lung, Pancreas, Colon
https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer-programs/cancer-surgery-standards-program/operative-standards-for-cancer-surgery/purchase/

Kindle edition:
https://www.amazon.com/Operative-Standards-Cancer-Surgery-Section-ebook/dp/B07MWSNFSB

Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial Lancet Oncol. 2010 Oct;11(10):927-33.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20863759/

Improved Axillary Evaluation Following Neoadjuvant Therapy for Patients With Node-Positive Breast Cancer Using Selective Evaluation of Clipped Nodes: Implementation of Targeted Axillary Dissection J Clin Oncol. 2016 Apr 1;34(10):1072-8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26811528/

The false-negative rate of sentinel node biopsy in patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis World J Surg. 2012 Sep;36(9):2239-51. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22569745/

Effect of lymphoscintigraphy drainage patterns on sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer Am J Surg. 2005 Oct;190(4):557-62.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16164919/

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy vs No Axillary Surgery in Patients With Small Breast Cancer and Negative Results on Ultrasonography of Axillary Lymph Nodes: The SOUND Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA Oncol. 2023 Nov 1;9(11):1557-1564.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37733364/

Choosing Wisely Guidelines
Society of Surgical Oncology. Released 2016 July 12; last updated 2020 November 13. Choosing Wisely: Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question.
https://surgonc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/SSO-5things-List_2020-Updates-11-2020.pdf

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In response to increasing surgeon burnout, unsustainable clinical demands, and ongoing loss of surgeon autonomy in the setting of employee-based models, the American College of Surgeons is speaking out. In this episode, hosts Dr. Steven Thornton and Dr. Emma Burke sit down with Dr. Douglas Wood, Chair of Surgery at the University of Washington and Dr. Thomas Varghese, Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, to discuss the new ACS Workplace Standards Framework. The conversation covers how this initiative grew out of discussions around unionization, what domains the framework addresses — from call intensity and OR block access to administrative burden and inpatient census limits — and how specialty-specific guidelines can be developed and implemented at the local level. Dr. Wood and Dr. Varghese also reflect on the culture of "unlimited endurance" that has long defined surgery, why meaningful systems-level change is both necessary and achievable, and how improving workplace sustainability could transform the pipeline of future surgeons for generations to come.

Hosts: Emma Burke and Steven Thornton

Guests: Dr. Douglas Wood & Dr. Thomas Varghese Jr.

Papers Discussed:
1. Wood DE, Wolinsky PR, Dodgion CM, et al. Developing Specialty-Specific Workplace Standards for Surgeons: A Framework to Support Sustainable Surgical Careers. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2026. DOI: 10.1097/XCS.0000000000001880 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41773743/

2. Varghese TK Jr. Toward Sustainable Surgical Practice: Defining Workplace Standards for the Modern Era. J Am Coll Surg. 2026 Mar 3. doi: 10.1097/XCS.0000000000001888. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41773737. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41773737/

***Fellowship Application Link: https://forms.gle/QSUrR2GWHDZ1MmWC6

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The House Judiciary Committee just dropped a 47-page report calling the National Residency Match Program a hiring monopoly that harms patients, doctors, and the public — and the surgical community is talking. In this episode, Dr. Patrick Georgoff is joined by BTK surgical education fellows Dr. Emma Burke and Dr. Agnes Prem Kumar, along with special guest Dr. Brian Carmody (aka the Sheriff of Sodium), a pediatric nephrologist and one of the sharpest analysts of medical education policy working today. Together, they break down the report's central claims: that the NRMP exercises monopolistic control over residency hiring, suppresses resident wages, and strips trainees of bargaining power — and they separate what the report gets right from where its rhetoric badly outruns its evidence. From the history of Section 207 and the antitrust lawsuit that nearly brought down academic medicine, to the real economics of GME funding, resident unionization, and what a match-free world would actually look like — this is the context you need to understand one of the most consequential debates in graduate medical education in years. Don't miss Dr. Carmody's six-part YouTube series on the match, linked in the show notes.

Congressional Report: https://judiciary.house.gov/media/press-releases/new-report-exposes-how-medical-residency-hiring-monopoly-harms-patients-and
The Match 6-Part Video Series: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc36yFQWkuG1sXk62A3zeRWB8aoK5SISP
The Sodium Sheriff Blog:  https://thesheriffofsodium.com/

***Fellowship Application Link: https://forms.gle/QSUrR2GWHDZ1MmWC6

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A career in surgery has a profound impact on those who practice the craft. High rates of poor mental health are well described but incompletely understood. One potential mechanism for advancing our understanding of surgeon well-being is studying surgeons' emotional experiences. Shame, a self-conscious emotion reflecting how an individual feels about themselves, could be a particularly powerful lens. In this series on shame in surgery, we explore what we know about shame in surgery and what shame can tell us about learning and working as surgeons.

In this third episode, we talk with Drs. Sheina Theodore and Tejal Brahmbhatt about their study examining the relationship between internalized shame states and burnout among surgery residents. They make a compelling case that addressing the well-being crisis in surgery requires looking beyond external stressors to the internal experience of shame: the quiet, invisible voice that tells residents they aren't good enough, and ask what role the culture of surgery plays in that internal monologue. 

Host: Steven Thornton

Guests:
1.    Sheina Theodore (Assistant Professor of Surgery, Boston University)
2.    Tejal Brahmbhatt (Associate Professor of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center)

A career in surgery has a profound impact on those who practice the craft. High rates of poor mental health are well described but incompletely understood. One potential mechanism for advancing our understanding of surgeon well-being is studying surgeons’ emotional experiences. Shame, a self-conscious emotion reflecting how an individual feels about themselves, could be a particularly powerful lens. In this series on shame in surgery, we explore what we know about shame in surgery and what shame can tell us about learning and working as surgeons.

In this first episode, we talk with Dr. Will Bynum and Professor Luna Dolezal about how they understand shame in medicine, why it's so hard to see even when it's everywhere, and how developing what they call "shame competence" might be one of the most important steps we can take toward humanizing surgical training.

Host: Steven Thornton

Guests:

1. Will Bynum (Associate Professor of Family Medicine, Duke University)
2. Luna Dolezal (Professor of Philosphy and Medical Humanities, Exeter University)

1. Dolezal L, Bynum W. Shame competence: addressing the effects of shame in health care. Lancet. 2024 Oct 19;404(10462):1514-1515. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02269-4. PMID: 39426826. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39426826/
2. The Nocturnists. Shame in Medicine: The Lost Forest [podcast series]. The Nocturnists; 2022. https://thenocturnists.org/shameinmedicine
3. Nguyen LN, Bynum WE 4th. When I Say…self-conscious emotions. Med Educ. 2021 Mar;55(3):291-292. doi: 10.1111/medu.14425. Epub 2020 Dec 23. PMID: 33289140. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33289140/
4. Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.). (2007). The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. The Guilford Press.

Welcome back to the AI journal club! In this episode, we bring you a deep dive into a game-changing paper from The Lancet -- the MASAI study. This is the first randomized controlled trial to evaluate the use of artificial intelligence in breast cancer screening and we're so excited to discuss it.

We'll break down the study's impressive findings on interval cancer rates, sensitivity, and massive workload reductions for radiologists. Beyond the data, we'll tackle the big-picture questions and some sensational recent headlines. Are we deploying AI too fast? Or is it time to go faster? 

Hosts: 
- Ayman Ali, MD
Ayman Ali is a Behind the Knife fellow and general surgery PGY-4 at Duke Hospital in his academic development time where he focuses on data science, artificial intelligence, and surgery. 

- Ruchi Thanawala, MD: @Ruchi_TJ
Ruchi Thanawala is an Associate Professor of Informatics and Thoracic Surgery at Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) and founder of Firefly, an AI-driven platform that is built for competency-based medical education. In addition, she is the Director of the Surgical Data and Decision Sciences Lab for the Department of Surgery at OHSU and Associate Program Director for the Clinical Informatics Sub-specialty Fellowship. 

- Phillip Jenkins, MD: @PhilJenkinsMD
Phil Jenkins is a general surgery PGY-4 at Oregon Health and Science University and a National Library of Medicine Post-Doctoral fellow pursuing a master’s in clinical informatics.

***Fellowship Application Link: https://forms.gle/QSUrR2GWHDZ1MmWC6

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Join the Johns Hopkins Thoracic Surgery Subspecialty team on this rapid research review revealing how investigative efforts have changed the way we view and use Veno-venous (VV) ECMO therapy in the pre-lung transplant patient population working to avoid ventilator dependence and the associated morbidity while facilitating continued ambulation and preoperative optimization. 

Hosts:
- Dr. Alfred J. Casillan, MD, PhD
Attending Thoracic Surgeon 
Johns Hopkins Hospital 

- Kyla Rakoczy, MD 
Johns Hopkins General Surgery Resident

References:
Awake ECMO as Bridge to Lung Transplantation Fuehner T, Kuehn C, Hadem J, Wiesner O, Gottlieb J, Tudorache I, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in awake patients as bridge to lung transplantation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012;185(7):763–768. PMID: 22268135 Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22268135/

Predictors of Successful ECMO Bridging Tipograf Y, Salna M, Minko E, Grogan EL, Sonett JR, Bacchetta MD. Outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2019;107(5):1456–1463. PMID: 30790550 Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30790550/

Intubation Status and ECMO Bridging Outcomes Zhou AL, Jennings MR, Akbar AF, et al. Utilization and outcomes of nonintubated extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplant. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 2025;44(4):661–669. PMID: 39486773 Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39486773/

ECMO Duration and Waitlist Mortality Shou BL, Kalra A, Zhou AL, et al. Impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation bridging duration on lung transplant outcomes. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2024;118(2):496–503. PMID: 38740080 Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38740080/

Mechanical Ventilation as a Risk Marker Mason DP, Thuita L, Alster JM, Murthy SC, Budev MM, Mehta AC, et al. Lung transplantation in recipients requiring mechanical ventilation: outcomes and risk factors. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2010;139(1):114–119. PMID: 19931096 Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19931096/

***Fellowship Application Link: https://forms.gle/QSUrR2GWHDZ1MmWC6

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
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Welcome back to Behind the Knife with Cody, Patrick, Jason, and Ayman. Today, we are tackling a defining professional ritual for every surgical trainee: the Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) Conference. We are providing a practical roadmap to help you build clear, high-quality presentations that facilitate real learning for the entire room. Whether you are a junior resident preparing for your first case or an attending looking to moderate effectively, this episode covers exactly what to include, what to leave out, and how to properly frame a complication.

Hosts:

• Cody Mullens, MD
• Patrick Georgoff, MD
• Jason Bingham, MD
• Ayman Ali, MD

Xenotransplantation—the use of organs from other species to treat human disease—has long existed at the intersection of science fiction and surgical innovation. While early efforts were marked by limited success and ethical controversy, recent advances in genetic engineering, immunosuppression, and organ preservation have brought the field closer than ever to clinical reality.

In this episode of Behind the Knife, we are joined by Dr. Joshua Mezrich to explore the history, science, and future of xenotransplantation. Through a narrative lens, we trace the evolution of transplantation from its earliest experimental days to the modern era of gene-edited porcine organs, highlighting key breakthroughs, ethical challenges, and the pioneers who shaped the field. We also examine the current state of clinical trials and what xenotransplantation may mean for the future of organ availability and transplant practice.

Hosts 
- Madeline Cloonan, MD PhD, General Surgery Resident, University of Nebraska Medical Center, @maddie_cloonan  
- Joshua Mezrich, MD, Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health

Learning Objectives 
By the end of this episode, listeners will be able to:
- Describe the historical evolution of xenotransplantation, including the primate and early porcine eras 
- Explain the key immunologic and biologic barriers to xenotransplantation, including hyperacute rejection and the role of natural antibodies 
- Summarize major scientific advances that enabled modern xenotransplantation, including cloning and CRISPR-based gene editing 
- Discuss recent clinical experiences and ongoing trials of xenotransplantation in humans 
-  Evaluate the ethical considerations and societal implications of xenotransplantation 
- Consider the potential role of xenotransplantation in addressing organ shortage and reshaping transplant eligibility and allocation

Check out Dr. Mezrich’s new book!
 https://www.amazon.com/Every-Living-Creature-Xenotransplantation-Change-ebook/dp/B0FH14LF6K

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Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
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INTRODUCING Behind the Knife OBGYN Oral Board Review!

The oral boards aren't just about knowledge—they are about executing under pressure. This course is designed to give you the structure and confidence to command the room. We have curated 98 high-yield scenarios covering the "Big Three" of the exam: Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Office Practice. Whether it’s a surgical emergency or a complex clinic workup, we will walk you through exactly how to articulate your plan, defend your decisions, and pass this exam.

Each scenario includes 2 parts. The first part is a perfectly executed scenario.  If you are able to achieve this level of performance in your preparation you are sure to pass the oral exam with flying colors. The second part introduces high-yield commentary to each scenario. This commentary includes tips and tricks to help you dominate the most challenging scenarios in addition to practical, easy-to-understand teaching that covers the most confusing topics. We are confident you will find this unique, dual format approach a highly effective way to prepare for the test.

Please check out the preview episodes below that include Parts A and B, with and without commentary.

This course includes access to our Oral Board Simulator.  Step into the hot seat and experience the pressure of the real exam and receive detailed, actionable feedback with the most advanced oral board prep available.  

• 3-Month Purchase - 10 exams
• 6-Month Purchase - 22 exams
• 12-Month Purchase - 46 exams

In this episode, we explore the grueling realities of the general surgery preliminary year—a high-stakes, one-year audition for surgical trainees operating without a safety net. We sit down with a program director, a former IMG prelim turned attending, and a recently successful SOAP applicant to uncover exactly what it takes to survive the scramble and excel clinically. Listen in to learn actionable strategies for navigating hospital expectations, securing vital mentorship, and ultimately turning your preliminary position into a secured categorical spot.

Hosts:

Ayman Ali, MD
Dr. Ayman Ali is a Behind the Knife fellow and general surgery PGY-4 at Duke Hospital. 

Kevin Naresh Shah, MD
Dr. Kevin Shah is an Assistant Professor of Hepatobiliary Surgery at the Duke University School of Medicine and Program Director of General Surgery. 

Katharine Louise Jackson, MBBS
Dr. Louise Jackson is an Assistant Professor of Colon and Rectal Surgery at the Duke University School of Medicine and the Medical Student Clerkship Director. 

Rafael Felix Tiongco, MD
Dr. Rafael Tiongco is a first-year resident at Penn State College of Medicine.

Sponsor Disclaimer: Visit goremedical.com/btkpod to learn more about GORE® SYNECOR Biomaterial, including supporting references and disclaimers for the presented content.  Refer to Instructions for Use at eifu.goremedical.com for a complete description of all applicable indications, warnings, precautions and contraindications for the markets where this product is available. Rx only

***Fellowship Application Link: https://forms.gle/QSUrR2GWHDZ1MmWC6

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
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With the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in those less than 50 years of age, one must wonder how many patients present with a Stage IV diagnosis. Take a deep dive with us discussing the management of metastatic colorectal cancer by joining our team and guests, Drs. Cathy Eng, Michael D’Angelica, and Nina Sanford.

Hosts: 
- Dr. Janet Alvarez - General Surgery Resident at New York Medical College/Metropolitan Hospital Center
- Dr. Wini Zambare – General Surgery Resident at Weill Cornell Medical Center/New York Presbyterian
- Dr. Philip Bauer, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital
-  Dr. J. Joshua Smith MD, PhD, Chair, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery at MD Anderson Cancer Center

In the final installment of the Healthcare Econ 101 miniseries, Dr. Christopher Childers and Dr. Nina Clark demystify the "black box" of medical billing and coding. This episode breaks down the two essential components of every medical bill: ICD codes, which identify the patient's diagnosis (the "why"), and CPT codes, which describe the specific services or procedures performed (the "what"). The discussion emphasizes that surgeons are legally and ethically responsible for the accuracy of these codes, regardless of whether a professional coder or an automated system handles the data entry. Listeners will gain insights into the "Global Period," the pitfalls of illegal "unbundling," and how to use modifiers—such as the -22 for increased procedural services—to accurately reflect the complexity of a case.

***Fellowship Application Link: https://forms.gle/QSUrR2GWHDZ1MmWC6

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
Behind the Knife Premium:
General Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review
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Vascular Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/vascular-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Colorectal Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/colorectal-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Surgical Oncology Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/surgical-oncology-oral-board-audio-review
Cardiothoracic Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/cardiothoracic-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
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Ever wonder why a complex gallbladder surgery only nets the surgeon about $350, while the hospital collects thousands? In this episode, Dr. Christopher Childers and Dr. Nina Clark pull back the curtain on how the money actually flows in medicine. From the birth of the RVU to the "Two Midnight Rule," we’re breaking down the math behind your paycheck.

Next Step: Ready to make sure you're actually getting credit for the work you do? Join us for Episode 3, where we dive into the "Black Box" of Coding and Billing.

***Fellowship Application Link: https://forms.gle/QSUrR2GWHDZ1MmWC6

Sponsor Disclaimer: Visit goremedical.com/btkpod to learn more about GORE® SYNECOR Biomaterial, including supporting references and disclaimers for the presented content.  Refer to Instructions for Use at eifu.goremedical.com for a complete description of all applicable indications, warnings, precautions and contraindications for the markets where this product is available. Rx only 

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
Behind the Knife Premium:
General Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review
Trauma Surgery Video Atlas: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/trauma-surgery-video-atlas
Dominate Surgery: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Clerkship: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-clerkship
Dominate Surgery for APPs: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Rotation: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-for-apps-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-rotation
Vascular Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/vascular-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Colorectal Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/colorectal-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Surgical Oncology Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/surgical-oncology-oral-board-audio-review
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Ever feel like you’re fluent in medical jargon but totally illiterate when it comes to the business side of surgery? You’re not alone. In this series premiere, Dr. Christopher Childers (Surgical Oncologist and health policy expert) joins Dr. Nina Clark to demystify the "second world" of medicine: healthcare finance. We’re breaking down the basic vocabulary every surgeon needs to advocate for themselves and their patients.

Next Step: Ready to see how this translates to your paycheck? In Episode 2, we dive into Physician and Hospital Compensation, RVUs, and the flow of funds.

***Fellowship Application Link: https://forms.gle/QSUrR2GWHDZ1MmWC6

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
Behind the Knife Premium:
General Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review
Trauma Surgery Video Atlas: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/trauma-surgery-video-atlas
Dominate Surgery: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Clerkship: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-clerkship
Dominate Surgery for APPs: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Rotation: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-for-apps-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-rotation
Vascular Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/vascular-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Colorectal Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/colorectal-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Surgical Oncology Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/surgical-oncology-oral-board-audio-review
Cardiothoracic Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/cardiothoracic-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
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The high-stakes world of surgical oral boards just got a high-tech upgrade. In this episode, the Behind the Knife team dives deep into the 2026 evolution of their AI Oral Board Simulator. With over 10,000 exams completed and a 99% recommendation rate from recent examinees, we’re showing you how AI is leveling the playing field for residents everywhere.
Join Drs. Georgoff, Swenson, and Ali as they break down the new features designed to mimic the modern, non-linear, and "rapid branching" style of the American Board of Surgery. Whether you’re a junior resident honing your consult skills or a chief preparing for the "hot seat," this is the ultimate guide to dominating your boards without breaking the bank.

Simulator: behindtheknifeoralboardsimulator.org

In surgery, when we think of research, often we picture randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and big data sets. But have you ever considered what we might miss by limiting our research programs to quantitative inquiry? What if you want to understand the culture or identity of your department or your training program? Or, what If you want to understand the values, priorities, and lived experiences of your patients? Some of the most meaningful insights about how we teach, learn, and practice surgery come from talking to people. Their words, their stories, and their experiences, and that's where qualitative research comes in. In this episode we dive into the “why” and “how” of qualitative research with leaders in the space, Professor Nicole Perez and Dr. Maya Hunt.

Host: 

1.  Steven Thornton, MD (General Surgery Resident at Duke University)

1. Nicole Perez (Assistant Professor of Medical Education, University of Illinois Chicago)
2. Maya Hunt (General Surgery Resident, Indiana University)

1. Bosk CL. Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure. The University of ChicagoPress; 2011. 
2. Liang et al 2019 Why do women leave surgical training? A qualitative and feminist study, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32612-6
3. Jenkins TM. Doctors’ Orders: the Making of Status Hierarchies in an Elite Profession. Columbia University Press; 2020. 
4. Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332052000341006

Surgical quality is a term that is often thrown around in surgical practice. We have multiple quality improvement projects, metrics and benchmarks that motivate us to do better, and of course the ever expanding patient reviews to possibly “reflect” the type of surgical care provided. But what does quality actually mean? What metrics can we use to understand the type of care being provided by ourselves, our colleagues, and the health system at large. 

Today, we delve into these questions to understand how quality is currently understood within surgery and how we hope it to evolve in the future. Joining BTK fellow Agnes Premkumar and ASGBI hosts Jared Wohlgemut and Gita Lingam are two fantastic guests - Dr. Mark Cheetham, joining us from the UK, has deep experience in national audits and system-level quality improvement. Dr. Cheetham is a colorectal surgeon and the National Clinical Lead for General Surgery at the Getting it Right First Time Programme in NHS England, or GIRFT. Dr. Alexander Perez is representing the US; he is a board-certified general surgeon and minimally invasive surgeon at Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center. He has worked extensively with institutional quality programs and is the current assistant Dean for patient safety, simulation, and process improvement at the Baylor College of Medicine. 

Resources:

1. Institute for Healthcare Improvement: https://www.ihi.org/library/tools/quality-improvement-essentials-toolkit
2. NSQIP: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/data-and-registries/acs-nsqip/
3. Getting it right first time (UK): https://gettingitrightfirsttime.co.uk/

Robotic surgery has moved from novelty to norm, and in this episode of Behind the Knife, Drs. James Jung and Joey Lew sit down with urologic pioneer and Medtronic CMO Dr. Jim Porter to dissect how we got here, what the data really say about “the death of laparoscopy,” and where competing robotic platforms like Hugo may take the field next. From ergonomics and education to economics and global access, they tackle both the hype and the hard questions around robotics as the future of minimally invasive surgery.

Hosts: 
·      James Jung, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Duke University
·      Joey Lew, MD, MFA, Surgical resident PGY-3, Duke University, @lew__actually

Learning Goals: 
By the end of this episode, listeners will be able to:
·      Describe key clinical, ergonomic, and educational drivers behind the rapid adoption of robotic surgery in the United States and globally.
·      Summarize current evidence comparing robotic and laparoscopic approaches for common procedures, including where outcomes are equivalent, inferior, or clearly superior.
·      Explain how surgeon ergonomics, trainee experience, and video-based learning influence practice patterns and learning curves in minimally invasive surgery.
·      Discuss the role of cost, reimbursement structures, and market competition (e.g., Medtronic Hugo vs da Vinci) in shaping robotic adoption across different health systems.
·      Anticipate how next-generation, task- or organ-specific robotic platforms may further change standards of care in minimally invasive surgery.

References:
·      Violante T, Ferrari D, Novelli M, Larson DW. The Death of Laparoscopy - Volume 2: A Revised Prognosis. A retrospective study. Ann Surg. 2025 Jun 16. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000006792. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40518997. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40518997/
·      Yu Yoshida, Yoshiro Itatani, Takehito Yamamoto, Ryosuke Okamura, Koya Hida, Kazutaka Obama, Single-incision plus one robot-assisted surgery (SIPORS) using the Hugo robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) system for rectal cancer, Annals of Coloproctology, 10.3393/ac.2025.00787.0112, 41, 6, (586-591), (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41486916/

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
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Vascular Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/vascular-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Colorectal Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/colorectal-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Surgical Oncology Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/surgical-oncology-oral-board-audio-review
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Join the Behind the Knife Surgical Oncology Team as we discuss the PRADO and NADINA randomized control trials regarding neoadjuvant therapy in Stage III melanoma with macroscopic nodal disease!

Hosts:

Timothy Vreeland, MD, FACS (@vreelant) is an Assistant Professor of Surgery at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Surgical Oncologist at Brooke Army Medical Center.

Daniel Nelson, DO, FACS (@usarmydoc24) is Surgical Oncologist/HPB surgeon at Kaiser LAMC in Los Angeles.

Lexy (Alexandra) Adams, MD, MPH (@lexyadams16) is a 2ndYear Surgical Oncology fellow at MD Anderson.

Beth (Elizabeth) Barbera, MD (@elizcarpenter16) is a General Surgery physician in the United States Air Force station at RAF Lakenheath.

Joe (Joseph) Broderick, MD, MA (@joebrod5) is a General Surgery research resident between his second and third year at Brooke Army Medical Center.

Galen Gist, MD (@gistgalen) is a General Surgery research resident between his second and third year at Brooke Army Medical Center.

 Learning Objectives:

-       Evaluate the role of Completion Lymph Node Dissection (CLND) in patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes, specifically citing the lack of melanoma-specific survival benefit vs. the improvement in regional disease control demonstrated in the MSLT-II trial.

-       Determine the appropriate surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma, comparing the outcomes of 1 cm versus 2 cm margins as analyzed in the MINT trial (Lancet 2019).

-       Analyze the impact of adjuvant systemic therapy (Anti-PD1/Immunotherapy) on recurrence-free survival in patients with resected high-risk Stage III melanoma.

References:

Reijers, I.L.M., Menzies, A.M., van Akkooi, A.C.J. et al. Personalized response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy after neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab in high-risk stage III melanoma: the PRADO trial. Nat Med 28, 1178–1188 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01851-x

Christian U. Blank et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus adjuvant nivolumab in macroscopic, resectable stage III melanoma: The phase 3 NADINA trial.. J Clin Oncol 42, LBA2-LBA2(2024). DOI:10.1200/JCO.2024.42.17_suppl.LBA2

*Sponsor Disclaimer: Visit goremedical.com/btkpod to learn more about GORE® SYNECOR Biomaterial, including supporting references and disclaimers for the presented content.  Refer to Instructions for Use at eifu.goremedical.com for a complete description of all applicable indications, warnings, precautions and contraindications for the markets where this product is available. Rx only

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
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Abdominal organ procurement is a high-stakes operation that blends anatomy, speed, and coordinated teamwork. In this Behind the Knife episode, the UNMC transplant team walks through the practical “how-to” of deceased donor abdominal recovery—covering OR roles and logistics, key anatomic maneuvers, cannulation/flush troubleshooting, and the workflow differences that matter most between donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after circulatory death (DCD).

Hosts
Madeline Cloonan, MD PhD – General Surgery Resident, University of Nebraska Medical Center (@maddie_cloonan)
 
Evelyn Waugh, MD – Transplant Surgery Fellow, University of Nebraska Medical Center
 
Jacqueline Dauch, MD – Abdominal Transplant Surgeon, University of Nebraska Medical Center
 
Alex Maskin, MD – Kidney & Pancreas Transplant Surgeon, University of Nebraska Medical Center

Learning Objectives

1. Compare DBD vs DCD donor workflow and define total vs functional warm ischemia.
    

2. Identify key OR roles and the ethical/legal separation of death declaration from procurement teams. 

3. Outline the core steps of abdominal procurement, including exposure, cannulation, cross-clamp, and organ removal sequence.
    
4. Apply a practical troubleshooting approach when flush flow is inadequate

1.  Englesbe MJ, Mulholland MW. Operative Techniques in Transplantation Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2018.
2. Tullius SG, Rabb H. Improving the supply and quality of deceased-donor organs for transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(20):1924–1933. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1708700. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29768153/
3. Croome KP, Barbas AS, Whitson B, et al. American Society of Transplant Surgeons recommendations on best practices in donation after circulatory death organ procurement. Am J Transplant. 2023;23(2):171–179. doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2022.10.009. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36695685/

What happens when the world of GLP-1s collides with the operating room? Today, we’re diving into the new era of obesity care. 

Hosts
·       Matthew Martin, trauma and bariatric surgeon at the University of Southern California/Los Angeles General Medical Center (Los Angeles, California) @docmartin2
·       Adrian Dan, bariatric and MIS surgeon, program director for the advanced MIS bariatric and foregut fellowship at Summa Health System (Akron, Ohio) @DrAdrianDan
·       Crystal Johnson Mann, bariatric and foregut surgeon at the University of Florida (Gainesville, Florida) @crys_noelle_
·       Katherine Cironi, general surgery resident at the University of Southern California/Los Angeles General Medical Center (Los Angeles, California) @cironimacaroni

Learning objectives
1.          Understand the evolving role of OMMs in bariatric surgical practice
·       Recognize how widespread GLP-1 and dual-incretin therapies have reshaped patient presentations, expectations, and referral patterns.
·       Appreciate current evidence comparing surgery to GLP-1 therapy, including the JAMA Surgery study out of Allegheny Health (2025), noting:
o   Superior weight loss with bariatric surgery (~28% TBWL vs ~10% with GLP-1s)
o   Higher health-care utilization and cost in GLP-1–treated patients.
·       Frame OMMs not as alternatives but as complementary tools within a chronic disease model when treating obesity.
2.           Review pharmacologic classes and their expected efficacy
·       Surgeons should be able to articulate the mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations of:
o   GLP-1 receptor agonists – incretin-based satiety; 5–12% TBWL.
o   Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists – most potent agents; 15–22% TBWL.
o   Sympathomimetics – norepinephrine-driven appetite suppression; 3–7% TBWL.
o   Combination agents (bupropion-naltrexone, phentermine-topiramate) – 5–12% TBWL depending on regimen.
o   Emerging therapies – retatrutide, maritide, oral GLP-1s, with promising TBWL in phase 2 trials
3.          Apply OMMs strategically in the preoperative phase
·       Integrate OMMs without compromising surgical eligibility—OMM-related weight loss does not negate the indication for surgery.
·       Counsel patients that medication response does not equal disease resolution; surgery remains the most durable intervention.
·       Manage delayed gastric emptying and aspiration risk:
o   Pause weekly GLP-1 or dual agonists for ≥1 week pre-op (longer if symptomatic).
o   Collaborate closely with the anesthesia/OR teams
·       Screen for nutritional depletion before surgery, especially protein deficits exacerbated by appetite suppression.
·       Navigate insurance barriers that may paradoxically approve surgery but deny medication continuation.
4.          Implement postoperative OMMs safely and effectively
·       Establish criteria for OMM introduction:
o   Typical initiation at 6–12 months, once the diet stabilizes and the physiologic curve flattens.
o   Earlier initiation (4–6 weeks) may be appropriate in pediatric or select high-risk populations.
·       Recognize altered pharmacokinetics after sleeve and bypass:
o   Injectables may be preferred due to altered absorption of oral agents.
·       Prevent postoperative nutritional compromise:
o   Monitor protein intake, hydration, and micronutrient status (including iron, B12, and fat-soluble vitamins).
o   Titrate doses slowly to minimize nausea/vomiting that can precipitate malnutrition.
·       Frame OMM use as a tool for disease persistence (plateau/regain), not as a marker of failure.
5.          Identify systems-level barriers and the implementation of coordinated care
·       Understand insurance inconsistencies—coverage for surgery is often not paired with coverage for long-term medical therapy.
·       Clearly document disease persistence and medical necessity when appealing denials.
·       Avoid fragmented care: establish shared-care pathways between bariatric surgery, obesity medicine, and primary care.
·       Use patient-centered language emphasizing complementary therapy, not hierarchy or competition between surgery and medications.
6.          Counsel patients ethically and accurately within a chronic disease model
·       Set expectations: sustained success requires surgery + medication + behavioral change.
·       Educate patients that postoperative OMM use does not imply surgical failure.
·       Normalize long-term multimodal management of obesity, analogous to diabetes or hypertension models.

*Sponsor Disclaimer: Visit goremedical.com/btkpod to learn more about GORE® SYNECOR Biomaterial, including supporting references and disclaimers for the presented content.  Refer to Instructions for Use at eifu.goremedical.com for a complete description of all applicable indications, warnings, precautions and contraindications for the markets where this product is available. Rx only 

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
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In surgical residency, cases are long, expectations are high, and patient care always comes first. But then you become a parent, and suddenly you’re navigating pregnancy risk, parental leave, and lactation logistics in a system that wasn’t built for it. We’ve made meaningful progress over the past decade, but too many trainees still face becoming parents in residency without clear, consistent support. 

In this episode, join Dr. Kara Button with Dr. Arielle Kanters and Dr. Sarah Shubeck as they ask: How do we build a surgical workforce that’s skilled, resilient—and genuinely supported as surgeon-parents? They’ll share practical, evidence-based steps programs can take to make parental support the norm—not the exception.

Hosts:
Kara Button, DO — General Surgery Resident, Maine Medical Center; Behind the Knife Surgical Education Fellow
Arielle Kanters, MD — Colorectal Surgeon; Associate Program Director, Colorectal Surgery Fellowship, Cleveland Clinic
Dr. Sarah Shubeck, MD — Assistant Professor of Surgery; Breast Surgical Oncologist, University of Chicago

References:
Bamdad MC, Hughes DT, Englesbe M. Safe and supported pregnancy: A call to action for surgery chairs and program directors: A call to action for surgery chairs and program directors. Ann Surg. 2022;275(1):e1-e2. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000005181 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433187/

Castillo-Angeles M, Atkinson RB, Easter SR, et al. Pregnancy during surgical training: Are residency programs truly supporting their trainees? J Surg Educ. 2022;79(6):e92-e102. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.06.011 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35842402/

Castillo-Angeles M, Smink DS, Rangel EL. Perspectives of general surgery program directors on paternity leave during surgical training. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(2):105-111. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.6223 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34851404/

Kanters AE, Shubeck SP. The importance of parental leave and lactation support for surgeons. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2023;36(5):333-337. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1764288 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37564351/

Kling SM, Slashinski MJ, Green RL, Taylor GA, Dunham P, Kuo LE. Parental leave experiences for the non-childbearing general surgery resident parent: A qualitative analysis. Surgery. 2024;176(5):1320-1326. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2024.04.035 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38910045/

Mann H, Glazer T. Current state of safe pregnancy policies for the US surgical trainee. OTO Open. 2024;8(3):e172. doi:10.1002/oto2.172 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39036338/

Rangel EL, Smink DS, Castillo-Angeles M, et al. Pregnancy and motherhood during surgical training. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(7):644-652. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2018.0153 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29562068/

Rangel EL, Castillo-Angeles M, Easter SR, et al. Incidence of infertility and pregnancy complications in US female surgeons. JAMA Surg. 2021;156(10):905-915. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.3301 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34319353/

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/science/doctors-surgery-motherhood-medical-school.html

https://behindtheknife.org/podcast/family-leave-during-surgical-training-a-discussion-with-abs-president-dr-jo-buyske

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more. 
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
Behind the Knife Premium:
General Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review
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Dominate Surgery for APPs: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Rotation: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-for-apps-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-rotation
Vascular Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/vascular-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
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You’re in the middle of surgical residency, and you realize you need more than a few weeks away from clinical responsibilities. Maybe you need more time to be a parent, recover from an illness, care for family, learn a new skill, or simply create space to reflect and reset. What if you could complete five years of training over six calendar years by spreading that time out in a way that fits your life?  
Join Dr. Kara Button with Dr. Joe Buyske, and Dr. Bridget Olson as they break down the 5-in-6 pathway including how it works, who it’s for, and the real-world logistics that matter.

Hosts:
Kara Button, DO — General Surgery Resident, Maine Medical Center; Behind the Knife Surgical Education Fellow
Jo Buyske, MD — President & CEO, American Board of Surgery
Dr. Bridget Olsen, MD — General Surgery Resident, Maine Medical Center

References:
Bamdad MC, Hughes DT, Englesbe M. Safe and supported pregnancy: A call to action for surgery chairs and program directors: A call to action for surgery chairs and program directors. Ann Surg. 2022;275(1):e1-e2. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000005181 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433187/

Castillo-Angeles M, Atkinson RB, Easter SR, et al. Pregnancy during surgical training: Are residency programs truly supporting their trainees? J Surg Educ. 2022;79(6):e92-e102. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.06.011 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35842402/

Castillo-Angeles M, Smink DS, Rangel EL. Perspectives of general surgery program directors on paternity leave during surgical training. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(2):105-111. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.6223 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34851404/

Kanters AE, Shubeck SP. The importance of parental leave and lactation support for surgeons. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2023;36(5):333-337. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1764288 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37564351/

Kling SM, Slashinski MJ, Green RL, Taylor GA, Dunham P, Kuo LE. Parental leave experiences for the non-childbearing general surgery resident parent: A qualitative analysis. Surgery. 2024;176(5):1320-1326. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2024.04.035 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38910045/

Mann H, Glazer T. Current state of safe pregnancy policies for the US surgical trainee. OTO Open. 2024;8(3):e172. doi:10.1002/oto2.172 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39036338/

Rangel EL, Smink DS, Castillo-Angeles M, et al. Pregnancy and motherhood during surgical training. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(7):644-652. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2018.0153 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29562068/

Rangel EL, Castillo-Angeles M, Easter SR, et al. Incidence of infertility and pregnancy complications in US female surgeons. JAMA Surg. 2021;156(10):905-915. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.3301 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34319353/

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/science/doctors-surgery-motherhood-medical-school.html

https://behindtheknife.org/podcast/family-leave-during-surgical-training-a-discussion-with-abs-president-dr-jo-buyske

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
Behind the Knife Premium:
General Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review
Trauma Surgery Video Atlas: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/trauma-surgery-video-atlas
Dominate Surgery: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Clerkship: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-clerkship
Dominate Surgery for APPs: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Rotation: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-for-apps-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-rotation
Vascular Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/vascular-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Colorectal Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/colorectal-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Surgical Oncology Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/surgical-oncology-oral-board-audio-review
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This new mini-series on Behind the Knife will delve into the technical aspects of the Operative Standards for Cancer Surgery, developed through the American College of Surgeons Cancer Research Program. This second episode highlights the thyroid cancer operative standard.

Hosts:

Tracy Wang, MD, MPH, FACS is a Professor of Surgery and Vice-Chair of Strategic and Professional Development at the Medical College of Wisconsin with a clinical focus on endocrine surgical oncology. 

Vladmir Neychev, MD, PhD is a Professor of Surgery at the University of Central Florida College of Medicine with a clinical focus on endocrine surgical oncology.

Jack Sample, MD (@JackWSample) is a General Surgery Resident at Mayo Clinic Rochester.

Guests:

Elizabeth Grubbs, MD (@EGrubbsMD) is a Professor of Surgical Oncology at MD Anderson where she specializes in endocrine tumors, with expertise in cancer of the thyroid.

David Hughes, MD is a Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery at University of Michigan, where he focuses on surgical diseases of the endocrine system, including a particular focus on the diagnosis and management of papillary thyroid cancer.

Learning Objectives: Understand key preoperative and intraoperative aspects of the evaluation and treatment of patients with biopsy-proven papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) greater than or equal to 1 cm. Define factors that guide decision making regarding the extent of surgical resection (lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy) for PTC.

Links to Papers Referenced in this Episode

Operative Standards for Cancer Surgery, Volume 2: Thyroid, Gastric, Rectum, Esophagus, Melanoma
https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer-programs/cancer-surgery-standards-program/operative-standards-for-cancer-surgery/purchase/

Kindle edition:
Amazon.com: Operative Standards for Cancer Surgery: Volume 2, Section 1: Thyroid eBook : Program, American College of Surgeons Clinical Research, Katz, Matthew HG: Kindle Store

Impact of Extent of Surgery on Survival for Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients Younger Than 45 years. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25337927/ 

Extent of Surgery Affects Survival for Papillary Thyroid Cancer. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717441/

Sponsor Disclaimer: Visit goremedical.com/btkpod to learn more about GORE® SYNECOR Biomaterial, including supporting references and disclaimers for the presented content.  Refer to Instructions for Use at eifu.goremedical.com for a complete description of all applicable indications, warnings, precautions and contraindications for the markets where this product is available. Rx only

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
Behind the Knife Premium:
General Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review
Trauma Surgery Video Atlas: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/trauma-surgery-video-atlas
Dominate Surgery: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Clerkship: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-clerkship
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Vascular Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/vascular-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Colorectal Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/colorectal-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
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In resuscitative trauma surgery every second counts. Can time and lives be saved by moving interventions closer to the point of injury? In this episode, we discuss a recent journal article on prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy as a treatment for traumatic cardiac arrest. Opening the chest on the street, who should do it, why should we do it, and for whom?

• Hosts: 

1. Mr Prashanth Ramaraj. General Surgery trainee, Edinburgh rotation. @LonTraumaSchool
2. Dr Roisin Kelly. Major Trauma Junior Clinical Fellow, Royal London Hospital. 
3. Mr Max Marsden. Resuscitative Major Trauma Fellow, Royal London Hospital. @maxmarsden83
4. Mr Christopher Aylwin. Consultant Trauma & Vascular Surgeon, Royal London Hospital and Co-Programme Director MSc Trauma Sciences at Queen Mary University of London. @cjaylwin
5. Mr Zane Perkins. Consultant Trauma & UGI Surgeon, Royal London Hospital and Prehospital Surgeon at London’s Air Ambulance. @ZBPerkins 

1. Perkins ZB, Greenhalgh R, Ter Avest E, Aziz S, Whitehouse A, Read S, Foster L, Chege F, Henry C, Carden R, Kocierz L, Davies G, Hurst T, Lendrum R, Thomas SH, Lockey DJ, Christian MD. Prehospital Resuscitative Thoracotomy for Traumatic Cardiac Arrest. JAMA Surg. 2025 Feb 26;160(4):432–40. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.7245. PMID: 40009367; PMCID: PMC11866073. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40009367/
2. ter Avest, E., Kocierz, L., Alvarez, C. et al. Improving decision-making for prehospital Resuscitative Thoracotomy in traumatic cardiac arrest: a data-driven approach. Crit Care 29, 485 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05705-z. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41233917/

In their fourth episode, the BTK Surgical Endoscopy team delves into the endoscopic management of the dreaded and unexpected. They review how to take care of high-risk surgical complications and introduce the use of a number of endoscopic tools including suturing, stent placement, clips, and the EndoVac. Following a review of a variety of endoscopic techniques, they present case-based scenarios that allow the listeners to understand the application of the endoscopic interventions in everyday practice. Becoming facile with endoscopic interventions may give surgeons the ability to nonoperatively take care of the most complex patients. 

Hosts:
-  Dr. Sullivan “Sully” Ayuso, Minimally Invasive Surgeon, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Austin, TX), @SAyusoMD (Twitter)
- Dr. H. Mason Hedberg, Minimally Invasive Surgeon, Endeavor Health (Evanston, IL)
-  Dr. Trevor Crafts, Minimally Invasive Surgeon, Rocky Mountain VA Medical Center (Denver, CO), @CraftsTrevor (Twitter)
-  Dr. Zachary Callahan, Minimally Invasive Surgeon, Nashville Surgical Associates (Nashville, TN), @zmcallahan (Twitter)

Video Link: https://app.behindtheknife.org/video/surgical-endoscopy-series-ep-4-endoscopic-management-of-complications

Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.  
If you liked this episode, check out our recent episodes here: https://behindtheknife.org/listen
Behind the Knife Premium:
General Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/general-surgery-oral-board-review
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Dominate Surgery for APPs: A High-Yield Guide to Your Surgery Rotation: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/dominate-surgery-for-apps-a-high-yield-guide-to-your-surgery-rotation
Vascular Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/vascular-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Colorectal Surgery Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/colorectal-surgery-oral-board-audio-review
Surgical Oncology Oral Board Review Course: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/surgical-oncology-oral-board-audio-review
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This episode offers a practical, case-based overview of evaluating and managing anastomotic leaks in colorectal surgery. It highlights early clinical warning signs, optimal imaging, and a framework for choosing nonoperative versus operative strategies, including when to drain, divert, repair, or revise an anastomosis. The discussion also covers management considerations in diverted patients and those with Crohn’s disease, as well as long-term issues such as chronic leak–related complications and planning for stoma reversal. Join Drs. Jared Hendren, Elissa Dabaghi, Joseph Trunzo, Ajaratu Keshinro, and David Rosen as they discuss this clinical challenge in colorectal surgery.

Hosts: 
- Jared Hendren, MD
ο      Institution: Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Elissa Dabaghi, MD
ο      Institution: Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Joseph Trunzo, MD
ο      Institution: Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
ο      Social Media Handle: X/Twitter @joseph_trunzo
- Ajaratu Keshinro, MD
ο      Institution: Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
ο      Social Media Handle: X/Twitter- @AJKesh
-  David Rosen, MD
ο      Institution: Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
- Social Media Handle: X/Twitter- @davidrrosenmd

Learning Objectives: By the end of this episode, listeners will be able to:

1. Assess postoperative changes that warrant imaging and/or intervention in suspected anastomotic leaks.
2. Apply a structured decision-making approach to determine when nonoperative management, drainage, diversion, or operative intervention is most appropriate.
3. Recognize key considerations in managing leaks in diverted patients and those with Crohn’s disease, including long-term complications and factors influencing stoma reversal planning.

• Dr. Maya Hunt, Indiana University, mayahunt@iu.edu   
• Dr. Mckenzie Rowe, Inova Fairfax, mckenzie.rowe@inova.org  
• CoSEF: @surgedfellows, cosef.org   

• Dr. Paula Ferrada, Inova Fairfax, @pferrada1, paula.ferrada@inova.org
• Dr. Frances Mei Hardin, Hippocratic Collective, @francesmeimd, francesmei@hippocratic-collective.com

• Identify different sources of power within individuals
• Define framework of ‘power-over’ vs. ‘power-to/power-with’
• Recognize how leaders (including residents) may wield different types of power in both harmful and helpful ways
• Spark self-reflection upon how each of us wields our own power in our role

1. Brown B. Brené Brown on Power and Leadership. https://brenebrown.com/resources/brene-brown-on-power-and-leadership/. 
2. Pansardi P, Bindi M. The new concepts of power? Power-over, power-to and power-with. Journal of Political Power. 2021;14(1):51-71. doi:10.1080/2158379x.2021.1877001 
3. Bolman LG, Deal TE. Power, Conflict, and Coalition. In: Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership. 7th ed. Jossey-Bass; 2021:187-207. 
4. Ferrada P. Breaking the silence: Addressing toxic leadership to restore psychological safety in healthcare. Forbes. October 8, 2025. https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbesbusinesscouncil/2025/10/08/breaking-the-silence-addressing-toxic-leadership-to-restore-psychological-safety-in-healthcare/. 

Peripheral artery disease has been called the ‘silent circulatory crisis’—affecting millions, limiting mobility, and quietly raising the risk of heart attack, stroke, and limb loss. For decades, treatment focused on walking programs, aspirin, and sometimes a stent or bypass. But today, the landscape is changing. From PCSK9 inhibitors that drive cholesterol to record lows, to GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide improving walking distance, to novel antithrombotic strategies that balance bleeding and clotting—PAD care is entering a new era. In this episode, we’ll explore the breakthroughs, the evidence behind them, and what they mean for patients who just want to keep moving forward.

Hosted by the University of Michigan Department of Vascular Surgery:
- Robert Beaulieu, Program Director
- Frank Davis, Assistant Professor of Surgery
- Luciano Delbono, PGY-5 House Officer
- Andrew Huang, PGY-4 House Officer
- Carolyn Judge, PGY-2 House Officer

Learning objectives: 
1.  Describe the current evidence-based recommendations for multifactorial medical management of peripheral artery disease (PAD), including lipid, glycemic, and antithrombotic strategies per 2024 SVS/AHA guidelines. 

2. Interpret the clinical implications of the FOURIER trial regarding the role of PCSK9 inhibition in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic disease, including PAD. 

3.  Evaluate the emerging role of GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide, in improving walking performance and quality of life among patients with diabetic PAD based on findings from the STRIDE trial.

Sponsor URL: https://www.goremedical.com/

References: 
H. L. Gornik et al., “2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease,” JACC, vol. 83, no. 24, pp. 2497–2604, June 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.013.

L. Mazzolai et al., “2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases: Developed by the task force on the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Reference Network on Rare Multisystemic Vascular Diseases (VASCERN), and the European Society of Vascular Medicine (ESVM),” Eur Heart J, vol. 45, no. 36, pp. 3538–3700, Sept. 2024, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae179.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40169145/

M. S. Sabatine et al., “Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease,” N Engl J Med, vol. 376, no. 18, pp. 1713–1722, May 2017, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615664.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28304224/

M. P. Bonaca et al., “Semaglutide and walking capacity in people with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and type 2 diabetes (STRIDE): a phase 3b, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial,” Lancet, vol. 405, no. 10489, pp. 1580–1593, May 2025, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00509-4.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40169145/

N. E. Hubbard, D. Lim, and K. L. Erickson, “Beef tallow increases the potency of conjugated linoleic acid in the reduction of mouse mammary tumor metastasis,” J Nutr, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 88–93, Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1093/jn/136.1.88.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16365064/

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• Dr. Rushabh Dev FACS (Moderator, Surgical Attending) – Assistant Professor of Surgery, Associate PD ACS & SCCM Fellowship, SICU Medical Director, Lieutenant Commander United States Navy Reserve  
• Dr. Raymond Okeke; Acute Care Surgery & SCCM Fellow 
• Dr. Eugene Ismailov, General Surgery Resident; PGY 5
• Dr. Brycen Ratcliffe, General Surgery Resident; PGY 4
• Dr. Desra Flecher, General Surgery Resident; PGY 3

• Dr. Stephen C. Yang, MD -  professor of surgery and medical oncology The Johns Hopkins Hospital
• Dr. Kyla D. Rakoczy, MD - PGY3 General Surgery Resident at The Johns Hopkins Hospital

• Understand the utility of segmentectomies for peripheral T1N0 non-small-cell-lung cancer 
• How to prepare for robotic segmentectomy using CT scans and 3D reconstructions 
• Learn where to place your ports and how to optimize intra-operative techniques to minimize complications after robotic segmentectomy 

1. Agnes Premkumar, MD (General Surgery Resident at Creighton University) @agnespremkumar
2.  Steven Thornton, MD (General Surgery Resident at Duke University) @swthorntonjr

1. Kathryn Coan, MD (Dignity Health, Phoenix)
2. Anathea Powell, MD (Renown Health, Reno)
3. Danielle Tanner, MD (Creighton University, Phoenix)

1. Black Belt Academic Surgical Skills: https://bbass.org/
2. Epstein S, Sparer EH, Tran BN, Ruan QZ, Dennerlein JT, Singhal D, Lee BT. Prevalence of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Surgeons and Interventionalists: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2018 Feb 21;153(2):e174947. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.4947. Epub 2018 Feb 21. PMID: 29282463; PMCID: PMC5838584. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282463/
3. Sutton E, Irvin M, Zeigler C, Lee G, Park A. The ergonomics of women in surgery. Surg Endosc. 2014 Apr;28(4):1051-5. doi: 10.1007/s00464-013-3281-0. PMID: 24232047. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24232047/
4. Patel VR, Stearns SA, Liu M, Tsai TC, Jena AB. Mortality Among Surgeons in the United States. JAMA Surg. 2025 Sep 1;160(9):1032-1034. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2025.2482. PMID: 40737024; PMCID: PMC12311820. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40737024/
5. Lee MR, Lee GI. Does a robotic surgery approach offer optimal ergonomics to gynecologic surgeons?: a comprehensive ergonomics survey study in gynecologic robotic surgery. J Gynecol Oncol. 2017 Sep;28(5):e70. doi: 10.3802/jgo.2017.28.e70. Epub 2017 Jun 23. PMID: 28657231; PMCID: PMC5540729. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28657231/
6. Berguer R. The application of ergonomics in the work environment of general surgeons. Rev Environ Health. 1997 Apr-Jun;12(2):99-106. doi: 10.1515/reveh.1997.12.2.99. PMID: 9273926. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9273926/

• The older adult population is the fastest growing patient population and it is important we focus on patient-centered care for this population, as this is a population that almost all of us will engage with. 
• If you or your hospital isn’t prepared to get verified yet, there are still small processes that can be implemented that can make an impactful difference on your patients.
• Geriatric Surgery Verification is at the cutting edge of quality improvement. Like other verification programs (trauma, bariatric) patients will soon seek out these centers that can best address their personal needs.

• Agnes Premkumar, MD - General Surgery Resident at Creighton University, @agnespremkumar
• Nicole L. Petcka, MD – General Surgery Resident at Emory University, @npetcka2022

• Marcia M. Russell, MD - Professor of Surgery and Vice Chair for Quality and Safety at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
• Caroline Smolkin, MD - General Surgery Resident at Northwell and American College of Surgeons Clinical Scholar

• Define global surgery and explain how its meaning has evolved to highlight disparities in access to safe, timely, and affordable surgical care worldwide.
• Recognize the value of global surgery engagement for trainees and surgeons in high-resource settings, including broadening perspectives and fostering humility.
• Identify principles of ethical collaboration in global surgery, using real-world examples of partnerships built on trust, mutual respect, and shared goals.

• Unlimited unique oral board scenarios
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• Natural conversation 
• Detailed, actionable feedback based on SCORE curriculum and American Board of Surgery grading scheme
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1. Define the role and components of prehabilitation in the context of thoracic oncology and ERAS/ESTS guidelines.
2. Interpret key findings from recent clinical trials on prehabilitation, including outcomes related to functional capacity and readmission rates.
3. Identify socioeconomic and structural barriers to prehabilitation participation and discuss strategies to improve equitable access to these interventions.
4. Apply evidence-based criteria to assess which patients may benefit most from preoperative nutrition and exercise interventions.
5. Recognize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration—including social work and patient navigation—in optimizing surgical readiness and long-term outcomes.

• Effect of Exercise and Nutrition Prehabilitation on Functional Capacity in Esophagogastric Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial - PubMed
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12070588/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39775660/
• https://ccts.amegroups.org/article/view/68030/html
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435646/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043067918301643?via%3Dihub
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30304509/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28385477/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27226400/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38546649/
•  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38614212/
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/surgery/specialty-areas/thoracic-surgery/patient-education