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Immanuel Kant lived in the 18th century and
is considered to be one of the greatest German

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philosophers and one of the central Enlightenment
thinkers of all time.

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His philosophical revolution was to place
the human at the center of the philosophical

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study of knowledge, morality, and beauty.

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He deeply believed that reason is the root
of morality.

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His thoughts on the relationship between reason
and human experience led to the notion of

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“procedural humanism” or “Kantian humanism”.

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The work of Immanuel Kant is still relevant
today as the humanistic values of Western

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culture are deeply influenced by the Kantian
moral philosophy.

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To understand his moral philosophy and its
relevance in the modern world better, here

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are 10 Life Lessons from Immanuel Kant:
1) Do not treat others as merely means

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Kant says: “Act that you use humanity, whether
in your own person or in the person of any

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other, always at the same time as an end,
never merely as a means.”

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Kant considered humanity an end in itself,
that human beings do not exist for some external

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purpose, their purpose is to achieve their
fullest perfection through their own freedom,

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their existence is a creation whose dignity
must be protected at all costs.

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In other words, we need to treat people with
respect, seeing them firstly as human beings

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and not as a means that we can use to achieve
our goals.

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This doesn’t forbid us to use the services
of other people, if this is part of their

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job and as long as they perform that service
willingly.

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We have to connect to other people in a way
that we respect their freedom and humanity,

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in a way that honors their dignity.

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Kant didn’t refer here only to how to behave
in respect to other people, but also to how

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we think about our interaction with them.

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Every human being has their own absolute moral
worth.

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Things like lying, violence and deception
are never alright.

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If somebody is deceived, they cannot make
an autonomous decision about how to act, because

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their decision is based on false information.

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The person who deceives is totally disrespecting
the other person’s goals, interests and

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feelings.

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You can use people as means, but never as
merely means.

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For example, consider you are in a coffee
shop and you want to order a coffee from the

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waitress.

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You can use the waitress to get your coffee,
but you have to respect her as a human being

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at the same time, you should not yell at her
if she is late and you should not embarrass

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her in front of her managers and other customers.

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Treating her with respect means using her
as an end, not as merely a means.

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2) Fight for freedom
Kant tells us: “Freedom is the faculty that

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enlarges the usefulness of all other faculties.”

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Kant is often called “the philosopher of
freedom” and indeed, many of the modern

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concepts of human rights are based in his
philosophy.

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Human rights are derived from the idea of
freedom and, according to Kant, it is imperative

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to protect the freedom of all people.

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So we cannot trample on one person's right
in order to help others.

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For example, killing a healthy person to distribute
their organs to other sick people would be

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wrong even though two or three lives could
be saved, or even one million.

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Everyone has an essential human dignity which,
no matter what, cannot be trampled upon.

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Kant's perception of freedom is also related
to the right to control one's acts according

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to reason, not according to one’s feelings.

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Although everybody has the right to be free,
not everybody is as free as they should be.

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Therefore, there is always a struggle involved
and we all should participate in the fight

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to liberate every human from any form of tyranny.

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Only by being free, are people able to develop
themselves, to enlarge their possibilities,

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to increase the number of choices they can
make in life.

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Being free is a prerequisite of any great
human development.

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Kant didn’t define freedom in the libertarian
sense, you are not free to do whatever you

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want, you are free only when you act in accordance
with your best nature and we are slaves whenever

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we are under the rule of our passions or of
others.

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For Kant, a free will and a will under moral
laws are one and the same.

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Freedom is not the absence of government,
it is a state that allows everybody to become

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more reasonable and rational.To create a better
world for you and for others, to increase

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the overall freedom of all, you need to protect
your human rights, your freedom, as well as

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the rights and freedom of all the people around
you, whoever they are.

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For example, women are less discriminated
against nowadays compared to centuries past,

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today you can find them working in every sector
of industry and in many branches of the government

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and this is due to their fight to gain equal
rights and freedom.

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However, there is still a lot of work to be
done.

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Regardless of whether you are a woman or not,
everybody can contribute to improving the

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status of women around the world, to enable
them to become citizens with equal rights

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everywhere, and to assure their freedom.

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This is just as true for LGBTQ+ communities
or any minority group.

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We need to pay attention to what we vote for,
to go out and protest against immoral laws,

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immoral behaviour and anything that affects
people’s freedom as long as that demanded

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freedom does not interfere with other people’s
freedom and rights.

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3) Respect animals
In the words of Kant “He who is cruel to

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animals becomes hard also in his dealings
with men.

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We can judge the heart of a man by his treatment
of animals.”

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It is imperative to respect any conscious
being and it has recently been proven by science

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that mammals, or at least a part of them,
are conscious beings.

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These findings were made public by the Cambridge
Declaration on Consciousness in 2012.

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Being conscious beings, animals have a certain
amount of reasoning faculties.

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If Kant knew about the scientific evidence
that some animals have consciousness, he would

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probably have declared that it is an imperative
duty to respect those animals’ rights for

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a good life, to abstain from any cruel treatment
towards them.

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Animals are living species the same as humans,
just with a low intelligence.

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It is our duty to be their guardian.

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This Kantian philosophy can be implemented
in one’s life through the humane treatment

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of animals, by not subjecting them to harm,
by protesting against cruel treatment, such

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as experiments for cosmetics, destroying natural
habitat like clearing the rainforests of the

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Amazon to raise beef cattle or hunting animals
that are in danger of extinction such as whales

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or rhinos.

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4) Act from duty
To quote Kant: “An action, to have moral

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worth, must be done from duty.”

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Kant argues that human action is only morally
acceptable if it is done from a sense of duty.

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That duty is a formal principle that is not
based on self-interest or considering what

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results might follow.

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Kant took the business of morality to be a
matter of pure rational will.

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He thinks that to decide something based on
logic and reason is far better than to choose

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something based on feelings and emotions.

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When emotions and feelings become dominant
in our intelligence, then we often do things

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we end up regretting.

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Emotions tend to affect us so much, often
taking us to extremes from great pleasure

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and happiness to great sorrow, but they should
not be the ones in charge of taking the decisions

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instead of us.

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We have to train ourselves to be calm in any
situation and always strive to be virtuous

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beings who perform their duties.

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Let’s imagine the case of a customer service
agent.

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If she does her job with a smile on her face,
being polite to every customer out of a sense

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of duty because this is part of her job, then
this is morally more valuable than if she

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puts the smile on her face because she genuinely
cares for her customers.

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In the last case, her feelings might change
if somebody dies in her family for example

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and she would not be able to have the same
smile.

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In the first case, no matter what happens
in her private life, she will do her job,

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because this is her duty.

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In the long run, she will serve better the
customers overall, assuring a constant level

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of quality in regards to her job, benefiting
thus every customer with whom she interacts.

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5) Have your own moral law
Kant says:“Two things fill the mind with

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ever new and increasing admiration and awe,
the more often and steadily reflect upon them:

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the starry heavens above me and the moral
law within me.”

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In Kantian philosophy, the moral law is not
given by supernatural forces, but comes from

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within and it is also something that binds
society.

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Religion and morality is, in his view, a terrible
pair.

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In order to determine what is right, you have
to use your faculties of reasoning and a high

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consideration for other people.

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Before you act on anything, you should ask
yourself: what is the maxim of my action?

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What is the general rule am I following here?

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Keep in mind that you need at the same time
to respect the imperative to treat people

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as ends in themselves and not as merely means.

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You should not do to others the things you
don’t want to be done to you.

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For example, if you are planning to steal
something, then you must follow the rule that

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everybody should be entitled to steal.

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Then you need to reflect if that would be
a better society…Obviously, this reasoning

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will lead you to contradictions in this case.

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Moral actions cannot bring about moral contradictions.

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If you are to steal something from a shop,
the owner of the shop should have the right

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to steal something from you too.

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Therefore, stealing is not universalizable.

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You are not allowed to make an exception for
yourself in the Kantian world.

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6) Never lie
In the words of Kant: “By a lie a man throws

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away and, as it were, annihilates his dignity
as a man.”

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From all the immoral things one can do, lying
is one of the things on which Kant put a lot

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of focus.

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According to him, you are not allowed to lie
to cover yourself or in any other circumstances,

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not even in the situations you might save
somebody’s life.

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Legally, you cannot be blamed for telling
the truth.

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People cannot really predict the future, nobody
knows if a lie or a truth can save lives in

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exceptional situations like kidnapping, terrorist
attacks and so on.

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Imagine a criminal trying to enter a married
couple’s house.

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If they knock, the wife answers the door and
they inform her they are looking for her husband

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so they can murder him, the wife has to choose
between telling the truth or a lie.

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According to Kantian philosophy, if she lies
to cover for him but the criminals catch her

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husband and kill him anyway, she will be partially
responsible.

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If she tells the truth they may well find
and kill him more easily than if she had lied,

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however, because she told the truth she would
not be to blame for his death.

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Following the same reasoning, you should never
lie, not even to soothe someone’s pain,

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not even to protect against a harsh reality.

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It is not your right to hide the truth from
anyone.

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You cannot know the power of someone to handle
the truth, you are not allowed to take decisions

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in somebody’s place.

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For example, if you have bad news to share
with someone, if you did something bad and

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you fear the judgment of another person may
it be your boss or your spouse, you need to

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go ahead and tell the news, no matter how
this can affect their judgment of you.

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Taking responsibility for the mistakes you
made is a sign of a virtuous and morally strong

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person.

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7) Become worthy of happiness
According to Kant: “Morality is not properly

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the doctrine of how we may make ourselves
happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy

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of happiness.”

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Contrary to the US constitution, Kant didn’t
affirm that everybody has the right to happiness,

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but, instead, they must first become worthy
of happiness, emphasizing the importance of

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being a moral person, a virtuous person.

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There are happy people who do not deserve
to be happy as much as there are unhappy people

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who deserve fully to become happy.

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Life is a constant struggle between our rational
mind and our emotions.

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Kant’s concept was to understand how to
strengthen our rational part, our better selves,

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in order to win out weaknesses and selfishness.

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There are things we do for moral reasons and
things we do for immoral reasons.

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Most of the time, whether or not we ought
to do something isn’t really a moral choice

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– instead, it’s just contingent on our
desires.

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Like: if you want to have more money, you
try to get another job.

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If you want a better score in school, you
need to study more.

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These decisions are all optional and they
do not involve morality.

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You are free to choose any action you want,
you would not be morally blamed if you choose

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one thing or another like if you don’t want
any money, then you don’t need another job,

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if you don’t care about grades, you don’t
need to study so much.

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What relates to morality are “categorical
imperatives” - imperatives which are true

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at all times, in all situations.

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These imperatives you must follow regardless
of your desires.

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They are moral obligations, derived from “pure
reason”.

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One of the most important of them is to treat
other people as ends in themselves and not

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as merely means.

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If you follow all the categorical imperatives,
then you become worthy to be happy.

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For example, you do not deserve to have the
professional success and prestige if you are

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lying to your boss regarding some work details,
to cover your incompetence.

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You do not deserve to be happy and have a
great family life if you lie to your spouse

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regarding how you spend the money or where
you have been last night.

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You do not deserve to be a popular person
if you manipulate your group of friends into

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thinking you are more successful professionally
than you really are.

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Always strive to be a moral person, even if
it costs you in life more emotional pain,

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more time, or more financial troubles.

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8) Do not base your morality on religion
In the words of Kant: “Nothing is divine

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but what is agreeable to reason.”

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Kant’s family was deeply religious and very
strict.

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Although he didn’t hold conventional religious
beliefs, he was very aware of how important

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religion is for social cohesion and for providing
life meaning in face of harsh difficulties.

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Kant was also a pessimist regarding human
character and he was considering that we are

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very prone to corruption.

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It was this awareness that helped him to develop
his life project in philosophy, a new moral

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philosophy.

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He wanted to replace religious authority with
an authority built on the foundation of moralistic

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reasoning.

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He wanted to do a similar job to what religions
intended to do, but following the ways of

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reason.

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Kant said everybody should base their morality
on reason, regardless of religious beliefs

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- or the lack of them.

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He saw morality in a mathematical sense.

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whether you are Christian, Muslim, Hindu,
Buddhist, Jewish or atheist, the same is always

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true for morality.

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One should never declare that something is
right or wrong just because your book of faith

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says so.

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Moreover, you should never impose on other
people, your imported notions of right and

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wrong.

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Instead, try to reach moral conclusions using
your faculties of reasoning, develop your

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own moral code based on reasoning and on intellectual
discussions with other people.

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Kant didn’t deny any rights for humans to
have their own faith, himself being a declared

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Christian, but he emphasized the importance
of being a rational being.

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9) Do not let people step on you
As we learn from Kant: “One who makes himself

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a worm cannot complain afterwards if people
step on him.”

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You need to be able to see the reflection
of yourself in others and to respect them

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as you respect yourself.

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And, to truly respect yourself, you need to
obey the principles of reason, to always be

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true to yourself and to not harm yourself
or let others violate your boundaries, rights

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and freedoms.

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By extension, you need to respect others in
the same way.

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The lesson is a derivation from the principle
of treating other people and yourself as ends

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in themselves, and not as merely means.

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The lesson focuses on avoiding to treat yourself
as merely means.

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Basically, you should not use yourself to
achieve your goals if by doing this you reduce

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your humanity and self-respect.

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No matter what is at stake, it can even be
winning the presidency, but if you have to

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denigrate yourself, lower your humanity and
self-respect, don’t do it.

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Don’t treat yourself as less than human,
do not put pressure on yourself which can

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harm you physically, mentally, emotionally,
no matter what is at stake.

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For example, do not ask for forgiveness in
front of a manager for something you didn’t

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do, do not take the blame for a mistake somebody
else did.

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Always hold your ground and say the truth,
even if it may cost you a job, a relationship,

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money, time or if it is about somebody else’s
job, relationship, money or time.

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Never humiliate yourself to make gains in
life for yourself or for somebody you care

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about.

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10) Get busy
In our final slice of wisdom from Kant in

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this video: “The busier we are, the more
acutely we feel that we live, the more conscious

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we are of life.”

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For Kant, it is a moral duty for us to try
to develop our skills, to explore our talents,

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it is in some ways our duty towards humanity
to give our contributions, no matter how small.

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Having an organized life is also very important,
it will help us get more done.In this regard,

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Kant was a very unusual person, he had a fixed
schedule for everything: for over 40 years,

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he was waking up at the same hour, 5 AM, he
was writing for 3 hours, then he was going

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to university to teach, he was having his
daily walk at exactly the same time, having

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dinner with the same friend every evening,
going to sleep at exactly the same time, 10

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PM.

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He lived in the same town for his entire life.

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This highly organized life probably helped
him in creating such a philosophical masterpiece.

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To fulfill your potential in this life is
your moral duty towards humanity.

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Think of all the skills and talents you have,
try to use them in the most efficient way

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and organize your life around them.

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Monitor your health, your emotional state
in order to become a highly efficient being.

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Your time is very precious and learning how
to have better time management skills is extremely

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important.

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Make a list of all of the skills and talents
you have, choose very carefully the projects

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to commit to and organize your time in order
to make them a priority.

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So, if you enjoyed this video, please do make
sure to check out the full Philosophies for

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Life channel and for more videos to help you
find success and happiness using ancient philosophical

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wisdom, don’t forget to subscribe.

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Thanks so much for watching.