1
00:00:00,780 --> 00:00:09,420
Aristotle is widely hailed as a pioneering
intellect who flourished from 384 to 322 BCE.

2
00:00:09,420 --> 00:00:15,010
He was first a student of Plato, then, when
Plato retired, he left the Academia which

3
00:00:15,010 --> 00:00:20,279
Plato founded, and he became the tutor of
Alexander The Great, and the two other future

4
00:00:20,279 --> 00:00:23,550
kings: Ptolemy and Cassander.

5
00:00:23,550 --> 00:00:29,019
His remarkable contributions span a multitude
of disciplines, positioning him as the revered

6
00:00:29,019 --> 00:00:37,590
progenitor of logic, biology, political science,
zoology, embryology, natural law, scientific

7
00:00:37,590 --> 00:00:42,680
method, rhetoric, psychology, realism, and
even meteorology.

8
00:00:42,680 --> 00:00:48,910
Among his multifaceted pursuits, Aristotle's
profound insights into the realm of communication

9
00:00:48,910 --> 00:00:51,820
hold enduring significance.

10
00:00:51,820 --> 00:00:57,500
In his notable works, such as "Rhetoric" and
"Physics," Aristotle extensively explored

11
00:00:57,500 --> 00:01:02,760
the art of persuasion and the principles underlying
successful communication.

12
00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:10,610
He distilled his theories into three crucial
components: logos, ethos, and pathos.

13
00:01:10,610 --> 00:01:16,080
These elements encompass logic, credibility,
and emotion, respectively.

14
00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:21,930
According to Aristotle, effective communication
requires a harmonious integration of these

15
00:01:21,930 --> 00:01:24,140
three modes of persuasion.

16
00:01:24,140 --> 00:01:29,530
Furthermore, Aristotle presented a model of
communication that offers valuable insights

17
00:01:29,530 --> 00:01:32,390
into the communication process itself.

18
00:01:32,390 --> 00:01:37,549
Which is why in this video, we bring you five
practical ways to communicate effectively,

19
00:01:37,549 --> 00:01:43,220
drawing inspiration from the timeless philosophy
of Aristotle.

20
00:01:43,220 --> 00:01:44,800
1.

21
00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:47,939
Use Logical Arguments

22
00:01:47,939 --> 00:01:52,290
Aristotle says “Those who know, do.

23
00:01:52,290 --> 00:01:56,289
Those that understand, teach.”

24
00:01:56,289 --> 00:02:01,159
One of the first things to consider when you
want to communicate in a convincing way, is

25
00:02:01,159 --> 00:02:04,920
to make sure you are being logical.

26
00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:10,800
Anyone can make a speech and tell people their
opinion, but not everybody can be convincing.

27
00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:13,110
Not everybody can teach.

28
00:02:13,110 --> 00:02:16,459
Only those that know how to be logical can.

29
00:02:16,459 --> 00:02:22,850
This relates to Aristotle’s very first condition
for good communication called ‘Logos.’

30
00:02:22,850 --> 00:02:26,830
This is often translated to ‘reason’ or
‘argument.’

31
00:02:26,830 --> 00:02:31,879
It involves questions like: Does the speaker
use facts and reliable information?

32
00:02:31,879 --> 00:02:33,860
Do their arguments make sense?

33
00:02:33,860 --> 00:02:37,500
Are there any obvious counterarguments?

34
00:02:37,500 --> 00:02:43,470
Aristotle believed that effective use of logos
involved structuring arguments in a clear

35
00:02:43,470 --> 00:02:48,810
and logical manner, avoiding fallacies or
errors in reasoning, and presenting evidence

36
00:02:48,810 --> 00:02:52,569
that was relevant and convincing to the audience.

37
00:02:52,569 --> 00:02:57,110
It involves appealing to the audience’s
sense of reason rather than their emotions

38
00:02:57,110 --> 00:03:01,960
to persuade them of the truth or validity
of a particular position.

39
00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:06,590
For example, if you were trying to convince
someone to support a particular political

40
00:03:06,590 --> 00:03:11,730
candidate, you could use logos by presenting
facts and statistics that demonstrate the

41
00:03:11,730 --> 00:03:17,700
candidate’s effectiveness, rather than relying
solely on emotional appeals or personal anecdotes.

42
00:03:17,700 --> 00:03:23,610
Similarly, if you were making a business proposal,
you could use logos by presenting a well-researched

43
00:03:23,610 --> 00:03:29,560
and reasoned argument for your proposal, rather
than simply making emotional appeals or relying

44
00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:31,680
on intuition.

45
00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:36,720
Using logos in conversation is important because
it allows you to present a well-reasoned and

46
00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:41,720
complete logical argument that is more likely
to persuade others.

47
00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:46,340
By using logical appeals, you can help your
audience understand your point of view and

48
00:03:46,340 --> 00:03:49,860
see the rational basis for your arguments.

49
00:03:49,860 --> 00:03:55,030
When you use logos in conversation, you can
help your audience to see the facts and evidence

50
00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:57,000
that support your position.

51
00:03:57,000 --> 00:04:02,500
This can be especially important in situations
where emotions are running high, or where

52
00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:05,460
there is disagreement or conflict.

53
00:04:05,460 --> 00:04:10,879
By presenting a clear argument in this way,
you can help to defuse tensions and move the

54
00:04:10,879 --> 00:04:14,610
conversation towards a more productive and
collaborative outcome.

55
00:04:14,610 --> 00:04:20,600
There is no room for interpretation or emotional
mistakes in logic.

56
00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:25,880
Finally, another effect of using logos in
conversation is that it can help you to build

57
00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:30,690
credibility and establish yourself as an authority
on the subject.

58
00:04:30,690 --> 00:04:35,350
By demonstrating your knowledge of the topic
and your ability to reason logically, you

59
00:04:35,350 --> 00:04:38,660
can build trust and respect with your audience.

60
00:04:38,660 --> 00:04:42,910
This can be especially important in professional
settings, where your ability to communicate

61
00:04:42,910 --> 00:04:48,600
effectively can have a significant impact
on how successful you are in your career.

62
00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:54,380
In short, using logos in conversation is an
effective way to communicate your ideas and

63
00:04:54,380 --> 00:04:56,220
persuade others.

64
00:04:56,220 --> 00:05:01,479
By presenting a clear and logical argument
that is based on evidence and reasoning, you

65
00:05:01,479 --> 00:05:09,140
can build credibility, defuse tensions, and
move towards more productive outcomes.

66
00:05:09,140 --> 00:05:11,720
2.

67
00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:14,830
Establish Credibility

68
00:05:14,830 --> 00:05:18,910
In the words of Aristotle “Don't try to
be different.

69
00:05:18,910 --> 00:05:20,479
Just be good.

70
00:05:20,479 --> 00:05:24,530
To be good is different enough.”

71
00:05:24,530 --> 00:05:29,860
Building upon the notion of citing sources
or proof, the next important step is to appear

72
00:05:29,860 --> 00:05:32,450
credible to your audience.

73
00:05:32,450 --> 00:05:37,470
Being logical and credible almost go hand
in hand - almost no person is considered to

74
00:05:37,470 --> 00:05:40,539
be logical if they are not credible.

75
00:05:40,539 --> 00:05:45,620
No matter how logical you are, no audience
will take you seriously if they consider you

76
00:05:45,620 --> 00:05:49,990
to be unreliable, or are in doubt about your
competence.

77
00:05:49,990 --> 00:05:55,860
This aspect of communication, Aristotle called
‘ethos’ - which means ethical appeal.

78
00:05:55,860 --> 00:06:02,340
This regards the ‘speaker’ part of communication
- who’s talking, and do we trust them?

79
00:06:02,340 --> 00:06:08,050
You have to present your own character in
a way that makes people trust you; or, better

80
00:06:08,050 --> 00:06:12,200
said, in a way that establishes credibility.

81
00:06:12,200 --> 00:06:17,831
Ethos differs from logos in the way that your
entire character and who you are matter, not

82
00:06:17,831 --> 00:06:20,720
just the argument you intend to make.

83
00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:24,830
What people think of you in general, whether
you are considered to be trustworthy as a

84
00:06:24,830 --> 00:06:29,220
person - it all matters in terms of credibility.

85
00:06:29,220 --> 00:06:34,090
Some think that the best way to captivate
an audience is to surprise them, be different,

86
00:06:34,090 --> 00:06:40,570
out there, shocking - but these are not often
the kinds of people that can be trusted.

87
00:06:40,570 --> 00:06:46,260
The best way to appear credible is through
communicating well, and consistently doing

88
00:06:46,260 --> 00:06:47,910
so.

89
00:06:47,910 --> 00:06:51,981
Credibility is measured by your audience:
do they believe you, and why?

90
00:06:51,981 --> 00:06:53,590
Why not?

91
00:06:53,590 --> 00:06:59,470
So, in order to appear credible, you have
to gain the trust of those you want to reach.

92
00:06:59,470 --> 00:07:00,470
How?

93
00:07:00,470 --> 00:07:03,569
There are multiple aspects to focus on.

94
00:07:03,569 --> 00:07:08,919
Match your audience, stay professional, and
be logical.

95
00:07:08,919 --> 00:07:13,139
Matching your audience, which is one of the
best ways to establish ethos between you and

96
00:07:13,139 --> 00:07:17,449
an audience, means to make sure you are tuned
in to them.

97
00:07:17,449 --> 00:07:22,879
If you use language that is far too complex,
too simple, too formal, or too informal for

98
00:07:22,879 --> 00:07:27,270
your audience, they might get the sense that
you aren’t prepared and perhaps even out

99
00:07:27,270 --> 00:07:28,530
of your depth.

100
00:07:28,530 --> 00:07:32,759
A connection to the audience is key to making
them think you’re trustworthy in what you

101
00:07:32,759 --> 00:07:33,759
tell them.

102
00:07:33,759 --> 00:07:39,330
But, on the other hand, it is important to
stay professional no matter what - if you

103
00:07:39,330 --> 00:07:46,050
allow yourself to get angry or flustered,
your arguments will appear uncertain and chaotic.

104
00:07:46,050 --> 00:07:51,440
You have to stay focused on your goal and
not get carried away by minor concerns or

105
00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:52,440
objections.

106
00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:57,360
A public speaker that gets emotional after
an insult from a member of the public, for

107
00:07:57,360 --> 00:08:01,090
example, is generally not seen as very reliable.

108
00:08:01,090 --> 00:08:06,009
Instead, people will assume this person is
prone to losing their cool and losing sight

109
00:08:06,009 --> 00:08:08,340
of what they are trying to achieve.

110
00:08:08,340 --> 00:08:13,050
Someone who cannot stay calm and collected
in all situations regarding their argument

111
00:08:13,050 --> 00:08:18,289
is someone who is not to be trusted to communicate
that argument well.

112
00:08:18,289 --> 00:08:23,360
And finally, but arguably most importantly,
be logical.

113
00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:27,449
If there are no flaws in your logic, there
is no reason to distrust you.

114
00:08:27,449 --> 00:08:33,409
This is, of course, hard; there might always
be a part of the context you have forgotten,

115
00:08:33,409 --> 00:08:36,750
or a flaw in your reasoning that you have
overlooked.

116
00:08:36,750 --> 00:08:41,890
But as soon as that comes to light, it is
the way you handle it that establishes your

117
00:08:41,890 --> 00:08:43,080
credibility.

118
00:08:43,080 --> 00:08:49,440
Acknowledge your mistakes, be open about them,
and tell your audience how you plan to improve.

119
00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:54,529
If you shove past mistakes under the proverbial
rug, they might come up in the future and

120
00:08:54,529 --> 00:08:59,610
immediately strip you of any and all credibility
you have built over time.

121
00:08:59,610 --> 00:09:05,180
Mistakes, even in logic, are okay - as long
as you acknowledge them.

122
00:09:05,180 --> 00:09:09,959
Audiences trust an honest speaker most of
all.

123
00:09:09,959 --> 00:09:11,180
3.

124
00:09:11,180 --> 00:09:14,380
Use Emotional Appeals

125
00:09:14,380 --> 00:09:20,690
Aristotle considered that “Educating the
mind without educating the heart is no education

126
00:09:20,690 --> 00:09:23,430
at all.”

127
00:09:23,430 --> 00:09:28,250
Connecting with an audience can be quite challenging
- especially if it’s a group that you feel

128
00:09:28,250 --> 00:09:30,800
far removed from in real life.

129
00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:35,660
So an absolute necessity when communicating
is to know them well.

130
00:09:35,660 --> 00:09:40,040
You need to know what kind of people you will
be talking to, and what that says about their

131
00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:43,589
interests, needs, values, and so on.

132
00:09:43,589 --> 00:09:47,660
When you manage to link whatever you are talking
about to one of those, you will make your

133
00:09:47,660 --> 00:09:52,850
topic relevant for them - and anyone will
listen to what sounds relevant.

134
00:09:52,850 --> 00:09:56,060
Aristotle called this aspect of communication
‘pathos.’

135
00:09:56,060 --> 00:10:03,560
Pathos stands for the emotional appeals you
use to grab the attention of your audience.

136
00:10:03,560 --> 00:10:08,410
Making people feel certain emotions helps
them to keep listening, but it’s the content

137
00:10:08,410 --> 00:10:13,190
and meaning in the words you use that makes
people start to care for what you have to

138
00:10:13,190 --> 00:10:14,190
say.

139
00:10:14,190 --> 00:10:18,420
Its no wonder that pathos is often a stand-in
for ‘emotion.’

140
00:10:18,420 --> 00:10:24,960
Or, even more on the nose, in traditional
Greek it translates to ‘suffering’ and

141
00:10:24,960 --> 00:10:26,170
‘experience.’

142
00:10:26,170 --> 00:10:30,280
This mostly concerns the ‘audience’ part
of communication.

143
00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:32,420
How will you draw them in?

144
00:10:32,420 --> 00:10:35,810
Emotional appeal means that you make your
audience feel.

145
00:10:35,810 --> 00:10:41,019
When you actually get them to experience emotions,
you will make them care.

146
00:10:41,019 --> 00:10:46,519
And an audience that cares is an au dience
that truly listens.

147
00:10:46,519 --> 00:10:50,560
One of the biggest mistakes up-and-coming
public speakers make is to think that they

148
00:10:50,560 --> 00:10:54,890
can write one speech and present it to different
audiences.

149
00:10:54,890 --> 00:10:57,790
This does not work!

150
00:10:57,790 --> 00:11:02,000
Your speech should have different versions
depending on what kind of audience you will

151
00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:03,209
present it to.

152
00:11:03,209 --> 00:11:08,070
When you talk about student experiences with
elderly people, they will be way less receptive

153
00:11:08,070 --> 00:11:10,510
than students or parents of students.

154
00:11:10,510 --> 00:11:16,450
So when you do have to speak to elderly people
about student experiences, make sure to connect

155
00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:19,089
it to them specifically.

156
00:11:19,089 --> 00:11:24,220
Compare it to their experiences as elderly
people - for example, being dependent on public

157
00:11:24,220 --> 00:11:29,510
transportation - or compare it to how their
student times must have been.

158
00:11:29,510 --> 00:11:34,029
Make sure to make them feel emotion.

159
00:11:34,029 --> 00:11:37,650
Emotions cannot be brought to the surface
on command.

160
00:11:37,650 --> 00:11:42,910
Many speakers seem to think that simply stating
that something is worthy of anger, outrage,

161
00:11:42,910 --> 00:11:47,310
sadness, grief, and so on - is enough to make
their audience agree.

162
00:11:47,310 --> 00:11:52,660
But someone actually needs to experience the
emotion in order to agree.

163
00:11:52,660 --> 00:11:58,120
The trick is, thus, to give the audience something
that truly makes them feel.

164
00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:05,220
No emotion has to be named; instead, a story
should be told, a comparison should be made,

165
00:12:05,220 --> 00:12:10,020
or a real-life case should be brought to the
listener’s attention.

166
00:12:10,020 --> 00:12:14,019
Saying ‘there’s been a hurricane in a
certain country’ does not invoke emotion

167
00:12:14,019 --> 00:12:19,680
- but telling people about a specific child
that lost their parents due to the hurricane

168
00:12:19,680 --> 00:12:21,770
does.

169
00:12:21,770 --> 00:12:26,410
People need to be presented with a window
through which they can step into the story

170
00:12:26,410 --> 00:12:33,660
you are telling them - they need to be pulled
in through vivid language and accessible imagination.

171
00:12:33,660 --> 00:12:38,140
The kind of emotion to convey to your audience,
however, is tricky.

172
00:12:38,140 --> 00:12:43,630
You can make them all feel down with a sad
story, make them feel confident with a motivating

173
00:12:43,630 --> 00:12:49,540
speech filled with personal anecdotes, make
them feel angry during a talk about injustice,

174
00:12:49,540 --> 00:12:51,100
et cetera.

175
00:12:51,100 --> 00:12:56,779
The emotions you make people feel shape how
they interpret what you have to say, and what

176
00:12:56,779 --> 00:13:00,860
they want to do with that information after
you’re done speaking.

177
00:13:00,860 --> 00:13:05,610
When you want people to step up and take action
as a result of your speech, it is probably

178
00:13:05,610 --> 00:13:12,170
not the best idea to make them feel depressed;
but when you want to invoke a serious conversation,

179
00:13:12,170 --> 00:13:17,029
it is unhelpful to use humor and make people
feel happy and light-hearted.

180
00:13:17,029 --> 00:13:22,140
The key to pathos is to make sure you say
what you have to say in a way that makes people

181
00:13:22,140 --> 00:13:24,550
feel the emotions you want them to feel.

182
00:13:24,550 --> 00:13:30,050
As soon as you get your audience emotional,
they will start to care about what you have

183
00:13:30,050 --> 00:13:32,270
to say.

184
00:13:32,270 --> 00:13:34,300
4.

185
00:13:34,300 --> 00:13:37,500
Use Clear And Concise Language

186
00:13:37,500 --> 00:13:44,459
According to Aristotle “To write well, express
yourself like the common people, but think

187
00:13:44,459 --> 00:13:47,000
like a wise man.”

188
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:52,490
Aristotle stressed the importance of examining
the style in which you talk.

189
00:13:52,490 --> 00:13:57,480
Some academics seem to think that, in order
to show their expertise, they must use incredibly

190
00:13:57,480 --> 00:13:59,620
dense and difficult language.

191
00:13:59,620 --> 00:14:04,660
Big words, long sentences, and elaborate explanations…

192
00:14:04,660 --> 00:14:09,550
Whenever one writes something in that way,
they feel competent and smart.

193
00:14:09,550 --> 00:14:14,540
And while using difficult language is, of
course, a sign of intelligence, it is actually

194
00:14:14,540 --> 00:14:20,070
also one of the worst things to do when trying
to convey a message to an audience.

195
00:14:20,070 --> 00:14:23,160
It alienates them.

196
00:14:23,160 --> 00:14:29,120
You do not want to make your audience feel
dumb and less than you are; it will, at best,

197
00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:34,370
make them feel uneasy, and at worst, make
them resent you.

198
00:14:34,370 --> 00:14:39,320
You might want to make sure you succeed on
the logical front, for example, but long and

199
00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:43,650
difficult arguments with many premises might
lose your audience anyway.

200
00:14:43,650 --> 00:14:48,140
It doesn’t matter if your’e being logical
if your audience isn’t listening.

201
00:14:48,140 --> 00:14:53,680
Or, you might want to make sure you make your
audience feels, but even the most well-meaning

202
00:14:53,680 --> 00:15:00,029
speakers can confuse or even mislead their
audiences by using dramatic term after dramatic

203
00:15:00,029 --> 00:15:06,089
term, evoking emotion after emotion until
their speech becomes impossible to follow

204
00:15:06,089 --> 00:15:07,089
clearly.

205
00:15:07,089 --> 00:15:12,860
A good communicator knows how to translate
the most intricate theories or plans that

206
00:15:12,860 --> 00:15:17,690
they know into words that any other could
understand.

207
00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:22,230
Prioritizing clarity over extravagance is
actually one of the most difficult skills

208
00:15:22,230 --> 00:15:23,230
to possess.

209
00:15:23,230 --> 00:15:28,430
It is essential to ensure that your audience
understands your message to avoid confusion

210
00:15:28,430 --> 00:15:29,509
and disinterest.

211
00:15:29,509 --> 00:15:35,440
Therefore, while your speech should be engaging,
it should also be clear and concise.

212
00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:41,980
It is true that allowing your creativity to
run free carries a risk, just as boiling down

213
00:15:41,980 --> 00:15:45,080
your speech into the simplest terms does.

214
00:15:45,080 --> 00:15:50,220
The key is to find the right balance between
using expressions that are more complex and

215
00:15:50,220 --> 00:15:52,680
stating things plainly.

216
00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:57,449
By striking this balance, you can hold your
audience's attention while ensuring that they

217
00:15:57,449 --> 00:15:59,670
understand your message.

218
00:15:59,670 --> 00:16:04,620
Aristotle has multiple terms for multiple
ways of speaking.

219
00:16:04,620 --> 00:16:09,660
Standard expressions, or simple terms, he
calls ‘kuria onamata.’

220
00:16:09,660 --> 00:16:13,230
More creative expressions are called ‘glôtta.’

221
00:16:13,230 --> 00:16:19,089
Newly coined expressions instead of more well-known
ones are called ‘pepoiêmena’ and composite

222
00:16:19,089 --> 00:16:21,949
expressions ‘ta dipla.’

223
00:16:21,949 --> 00:16:27,620
The very first is a way to speak clearly while
the latter three are all ways to engage with

224
00:16:27,620 --> 00:16:29,320
an audience.

225
00:16:29,320 --> 00:16:33,630
The idea is to balance the first out with
the latter three when appropriate.

226
00:16:33,630 --> 00:16:39,040
For example, talking about a death might be
done in a creative way, in order to evoke

227
00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:41,209
emotion and sympathy.

228
00:16:41,209 --> 00:16:47,420
You can say ‘no longer with us’ in other
words use ‘glôtta, or, ‘met their maker’

229
00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:53,100
using pepoiêmena, or make something else
up entirely using ta dipla.

230
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:57,100
What euphemism you would choose to describe
a death depends on the emotion you are trying

231
00:16:57,100 --> 00:17:03,089
to evoke, but they are all more impactful
than simply saying ‘he died.’

232
00:17:03,089 --> 00:17:08,510
However, when talking about something more
complicated or unknown, it is important to

233
00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:12,240
prioritize clarity over anything else.

234
00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:17,380
When talking about physics, for example, it
becomes important not to use difficult terms

235
00:17:17,380 --> 00:17:22,819
that your audience might be unfamiliar with,
but rather explain all terms in the simplest

236
00:17:22,819 --> 00:17:24,650
way possible.

237
00:17:24,650 --> 00:17:29,250
In order to have an audience not lose track
of your speech, a majority of clear speech

238
00:17:29,250 --> 00:17:36,480
is needed, interchanged with the occasional
idiom, euphemism or other creative expression.

239
00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:41,230
Aristotle stresses that while it is important
to keep your audience interested, you should

240
00:17:41,230 --> 00:17:46,570
make sure that you are also clear and concise
enough for them to follow your speech without

241
00:17:46,570 --> 00:17:50,039
confusion, frustration or difficulty.

242
00:17:50,039 --> 00:17:55,410
No matter how hard you try for your audience
to listen, if they do not understand you they

243
00:17:55,410 --> 00:17:59,040
simply won’t care about what you have to
say.

244
00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:00,840
5.

245
00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:02,990
Practice Communicating

246
00:18:02,990 --> 00:18:08,890
Aristotle suggests that “For the things
we have to learn before we can do them, we

247
00:18:08,890 --> 00:18:11,740
learn by doing them.”

248
00:18:11,740 --> 00:18:16,570
A good public speaker comes on stage knowing
what they are about to say, and how they want

249
00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:17,700
to say it.

250
00:18:17,700 --> 00:18:24,460
There is only one way to get to that point:
practice!

251
00:18:24,460 --> 00:18:28,530
Practicing does not just mean in this case
standing in front of a mirror and reciting,

252
00:18:28,530 --> 00:18:30,460
or memorizing lines.

253
00:18:30,460 --> 00:18:35,840
It means putting yourself out there and reflecting
on every time you have communicated to an

254
00:18:35,840 --> 00:18:37,210
audience.

255
00:18:37,210 --> 00:18:39,659
What went right, what went wrong?

256
00:18:39,659 --> 00:18:44,080
What strengths do you have, and how could
you improve next time?

257
00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:49,409
You cannot wait in the shadows and have the
first time you step into the light be perfect;

258
00:18:49,409 --> 00:18:56,610
instead, you must step into the light again
and again and again until you become great.

259
00:18:56,610 --> 00:19:01,660
Not all of your arguments will always be valid
and sound, not all your tries will invoke

260
00:19:01,660 --> 00:19:06,460
the right emotions, and not everybody will
perceive you as credible.

261
00:19:06,460 --> 00:19:11,420
Instead, you build yourself up and train yourself
to do these things by trying.

262
00:19:11,420 --> 00:19:16,550
The clearest way to go about this is by examining
the communication process.

263
00:19:16,550 --> 00:19:23,760
Aristotle organized this process in the following
way: there is a speaker, who produces a speech,

264
00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:28,230
which reaches a certain audience, and eventually
has an effect.

265
00:19:28,230 --> 00:19:34,740
In short: speaker, speech, audience, effect.

266
00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:35,960
You are the speaker.

267
00:19:35,960 --> 00:19:38,290
You produce the speech.

268
00:19:38,290 --> 00:19:43,210
When you speak, you must keep the kind of
audience you have in mind and the effect you

269
00:19:43,210 --> 00:19:46,060
want to achieve with your speech.

270
00:19:46,060 --> 00:19:51,410
When reflecting on past communication attempts,
you can reflect on any of these four aspects

271
00:19:51,410 --> 00:19:52,840
of the process.

272
00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:56,610
For example, take somebody who has tried to
convince their school to vote for them as

273
00:19:56,610 --> 00:19:58,380
school president.

274
00:19:58,380 --> 00:20:03,200
In order to do so, they have promised healthy
cafeteria food and cleaner toilets.

275
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:08,260
Then, they get too few votes and do not become
school president.

276
00:20:08,260 --> 00:20:13,039
They now have to consider every aspect of
the communication process in order to change

277
00:20:13,039 --> 00:20:15,440
their strategy for the next time.

278
00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:22,100
So, they did not achieve the desired effect:
for everybody to vote for them.

279
00:20:22,100 --> 00:20:23,680
How should they change this?

280
00:20:23,680 --> 00:20:27,340
First, let’s examine the speaker.

281
00:20:27,340 --> 00:20:31,750
Were they seen as credible, or does everybody
still remember that time they blamed someone

282
00:20:31,750 --> 00:20:35,250
else for throwing a football through the science
lab window?

283
00:20:35,250 --> 00:20:39,740
If so, they have to make amends in order to
seem more convincing.

284
00:20:39,740 --> 00:20:43,800
Then, the speech - was it logical?

285
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:44,850
Engaging?

286
00:20:44,850 --> 00:20:45,900
Understandable?

287
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:48,850
Third, the audience.

288
00:20:48,850 --> 00:20:53,600
Perhaps the speaker did not know much about
their peers and did not realize they don’t

289
00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:58,679
care about healthy cafeteria food, and instead
would prefer longer breaks.

290
00:20:58,679 --> 00:21:03,850
If you want to convince an audience to react
in a certain way, in this example by voting,

291
00:21:03,850 --> 00:21:08,830
you have to implement their interests as well,
or at least find a way to make them care about

292
00:21:08,830 --> 00:21:10,850
what you are trying to say.

293
00:21:10,850 --> 00:21:15,640
Clearly, the student in question had not examined
their audience enough to know what would make

294
00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:20,230
them care; they should have focused on the
break-time as well.

295
00:21:20,230 --> 00:21:22,049
Lastly, the effect.

296
00:21:22,049 --> 00:21:27,779
If all else fails, it can also be helpful
to examine the effect you wanted to achieve

297
00:21:27,779 --> 00:21:30,580
and see if you could settle for another effect.

298
00:21:30,580 --> 00:21:37,200
Perhaps, this student could set the bar lower
and not go for student president but should

299
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:42,179
try to get signatures for a petition to include
more healthy food in the cafeteria.

300
00:21:42,179 --> 00:21:47,380
No matter how prepared you think you are,
when communicating you will always realize

301
00:21:47,380 --> 00:21:49,950
new things in hindsight.

302
00:21:49,950 --> 00:21:54,159
This is why it is important to keep practicing
and reflecting.

303
00:21:54,159 --> 00:21:59,170
Do your best to actually find more opportunities
to try and communicate with others and examine

304
00:21:59,170 --> 00:22:00,650
how it goes!

305
00:22:00,650 --> 00:22:05,060
Those who practice the most, grow the fastest.

306
00:22:05,060 --> 00:22:08,700
If you enjoyed this video, please make sure
to check out our full philosophies for life

307
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:13,860
playlist and for more videos to help you find
success and happiness using ancient philosophical

308
00:22:13,860 --> 00:22:16,810
wisdom, don’t forget to subscribe.

309
00:22:16,810 --> 00:22:18,490
Thanks so much for watching.