9. Professor Paul Thomas Chamberlain of Columbia University recounts the November 1941 White House meetings where U.S. leaders prepared for an imminent, yet poorly understood, Japanese attack. He explains that military planners initially focused on the Ph

9. Professor Paul Thomas Chamberlainof Columbia University recounts the November 1941 White House meetingswhere U.S. leaders prepared for an imminent, yet poorly understood, Japaneseattack. He explains that military planners initially focused on the Philippines and discounted a strike on Pearl Harborbecause they underestimated the lethality of aircraft carriers. Chamberlain highlights that this era marked the transition from traditional battleship-centric warfare to the carrier-dominated strategies that would define the Pacific theater. (9)
1942 MERCHANT MARINE