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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: There's
something moving in the water.

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Is it a bird? Is it a fish?

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No, it's a squirrel?

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CAROL : So squirrels can swim.
That always amazes people.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: And sometimes
they cross big bodies of water

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like the Menai Strait in Wales.

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And that's where the problem
begins. :

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On the island of Ynys Môn,
Anglesey, in North Wales,

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there's a mission underway to
protect one of Britain's most

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endangered mammals, the red
squirrel. From extinction and

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the growing threat of the grey
squirrel, a danger that can even

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arrive by sea.

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Keeping this small population of
squirrels safe is a game of high

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stakes and ingenuity. I'm Rosie
Holdsworth and you're listening

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to Wild Tales.

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Operation Nutcracker | The
Return Of The Red Squirrel.

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No doubt you've seen a squirrel
before, down the road, in a park

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or darting up a telegraph pole.
Chances are it's a grey

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squirrel. They were introduced
to the UK in the late 1800's and

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now there are millions of them.

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One you're much less likely to
see is the red squirrel. It's

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our native species and it's been
here for thousands of years. But

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now it's one of Britain's most
endangered mammals, with very

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few places where it still
survives. One of those places is

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the island of Ynys Môn,
Anglesey, in North Wales.

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Not so long ago there were only
40 red squirrels remaining here.

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Today, we're heading to Plas
Newydd, where rangers run daily

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red squirrel walks, giving
visitors a chance to catch a

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glimpse of a red squirrel in a
place where they're making a

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comeback.

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CAROL : I'm Carol. I've been
volunteering as a squirrel

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ranger here since it started,
which must be about seven years

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now. But yeah, I've always been
interested in animals, looking

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after animals. So the
opportunity to come and work as

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a ranger here for the National
Trust was, well, it was too good

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to turn down.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Here at Plas
Newydd, Carol is getting ready

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to head out.

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CAROL : We do two walks a day,
telling people about our

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squirrels, trying to give people
that enthusiasm for the red

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squirrels and why it's important
to keep protecting them.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Carol knows
these woods very well.

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CAROL : So this is where I start
off the walk. So I gather people

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up here and we do a little
introduction and we set off down

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this way.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: It's a chance
for her to make sure that

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visitors have their eyes firmly
fixed in the right direction.

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CAROL : When they're looking for
squirrels, they walk around like

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this.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Which is head
lifted towards the sky.

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CAROL : And you're just going to
headbutt a tree or trip over.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: So instead...

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CAROL : I walk for a bit and
then I stop and we have a tap.

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And while we stop, that's when
they can look for squirrels.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: And as Carol
sets off, it's not too far

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before she gets to the first
stopping point.

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CAROL : This is Dairy Wood.
We're in Dairy Wood, so it's a

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lovely mixed woodland. We've got
a beautiful canopy above us and

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we're lucky today that the sun
is out and we have very little

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wind, so the trees aren't
moving, which when we're looking

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for squirrels is really helpful.

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But we are quite close to the
road here, but there is a reason

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why I stop quite close to the
road, because this is lovely

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woodland. But then just over the
other side of the road we've got

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lovely woodland. And our
squirrels, we don't keep them

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here. And we're quite happy if
our squirrels go that way, but

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they've got to get across that
road.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: When a stretch
of woodland is split in two by a

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road, that's what's known as
habitat fragmentation. And for

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an animal that spends most of
its life in the trees, coming

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down to the ground can be
dangerous.

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CAROL : And unfortunately we do
have casualties. So what the

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National Trust have done is
they've put up a squirrel

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bridge. It's nothing fancy. It's
two telegraph poles and a rope.

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If you imagine a squirrel up
there, it's so easy for them to

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get from one tree to the next to
the next without having to come

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down onto the floor. So if they
can stay up there and still get

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across that road, it just gives
them that opportunity to cross

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over without getting squished.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: And when there
are so few red squirrels left,

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every safe crossing matters.

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CAROL : So we start off on this
nice manicured path, but we are

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going to turn into the woods in
a bit.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: And as she
walks, Carol likes to keep her

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visitors on their toes.

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CAROL : I start off by asking
people who's seen a red and I'll

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get sort of maybe half the group
have and then I say who's seen a

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grey and you'll hear the
different responses.'Oh in my

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garden,' you know, they don't
like them. And then I explain,

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well, the reason for that is
there's about three million

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greys and only about 200,000
reds.

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And I say, well, let's see if
you can tell me the difference

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between a grey and a red. I'm
going to show you two photos.

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You tell me if it's grey and a
red. And it's a trick question

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because it's a grey squirrel
who's got a red coat. And then

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I've got a picture of a red
squirrel with a grey coat.

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And it's really nice to point
out the differences, like the

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reds have the tufty ears. The
greys have got the white edge to

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their tail. So it's nice to show
them those photos because they

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all go, "oh yeah, that's a red".
And then someone will go, "oh,

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but it hasn't got the tufty
ears." There's always someone

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who picks it up. So that's quite
interesting to tell people as

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well.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Another
difference is that grey

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squirrels are 25% larger and
almost twice the weight of a red

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squirrel, which means they eat a
lot more food. But how did the

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grey squirrels get here in the
first place?

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CAROL : They were reintroduced
in the 1870s, so we have the

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Victorians to thank for that. So
people who lived in these lovely

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big houses would go travelling,
and so they went over to North

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America and they saw these grey
squirrels, and they thought,

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well, we haven't got any of
those at home, we've just got

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those little red ones. I'll
bring some back to show my

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friends how well travelled I am.

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And so they did, but they soon
got fed up with them and just

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released them into their
parkland. And from that point

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on, squirrels do what they do,
they reproduce, they're

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multiplied. We started to see a
drop in the number of reds,

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because at that... Point in time
we would have had about three

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million Red Squirrels in this
country and now it's completely

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flipped we've got three million
grey squirrels.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: So here at
Plas Newydd a lot goes into

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keeping the Red Squirrels
thriving.

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CAROL : We're going to go in
here now we've got one of our

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feeders up there and we've also
got this log which is where I'm

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going to go and put some food
out.

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So the food I'm putting out it's
sunflower seeds and we put them

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out whole so they've got the
black outer husk on and our

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squirrels when they eat these
seeds If we're lucky enough

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later and we've got a squirrel
sat on this log he will pick

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each one up with his paws and
then they bite into it and they

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split it and they just leave the
husk lying around.

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So this is a bird-proof squirrel
feeder. So most people in the

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country have squirrel-proof bird
feeders but we're the other way

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around so our squirrel he comes
along sits on there and then

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he's got to lift that lid up to
get to the food. The birds can't

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get it but our squirrels can.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: And it's not
just sunflower seeds that the

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squirrels have a taste for.

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CAROL : Pine cones, our little
darlings, they love getting the

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seeds out of the pine cones. And
what our squirrels do is they

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turn it round and they pull the
little leaves off to get to the

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seeds that are inside. So they
turn it and turn it and turn it.

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You've got a spiral pattern on
these pine cones. And whether

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the spiral goes to the left or
the right... depends on whether

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the squirrel turned it to the
left or the right and that

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depends on whether they're left
or right handed.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: It's all
evidence to show the Red

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Squirrels are here and well.

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CAROL : I always like to show
people those because it's

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something they can then go and
look for after we've done the

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walk or next time they're out
for a walk in some woodland they

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can have a look for it.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: But not that
long ago they almost disappeared

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altogether.

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CAROL : Well they were always
here but they were in decline

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because the grey squirrels were
also here.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: By the 1990s,
there were just 40 red squirrels

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left on Ynys Môn, something had
to change.

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A group of local people came
together to try to turn things

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around, working across the
island to protect and rebuild

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the population. The grey
squirrels were removed and Red

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Squirrels were reintroduced into
woodlands like this one.

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CAROL : So this is the long
walk, so you've got these lovely

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pine trees. So people do often
report seeing squirrels in these

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trees as well. But you've got
this fantastic view ahead of us,

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but all we're looking at is the
straights really in front of us

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and two rows of pine trees, so
it is a lovely view.

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Go and check this feeder here
and then we'll go down to the

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hive. So this is Churchbank Wood
and this is where the

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reintroduction was, so this is
where they reintroduced six Red

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Squirrels in 2008.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: And it wasn't
just here. A handful of similar

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reintroductions have taken place
in woodlands across Ynys Môn.

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And over time, the population
began to grow.

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Today, there are around 800 red
squirrels on the island. But

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keeping them safe is another
matter.

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CAROL : In 2009 they started to
see red squirrels in the

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woodland on the other side of
the Menai Straits. So they had

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crossed from Anglesey to the
mainland. As I said earlier, a

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bit like crossing the road, we
don't mind our squirrels going

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that way, but we don't want the
greys that are over there,

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coming this way.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Not just
competition for habitat, grey

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squirrels can also carry a
deadly virus.

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CAROL : I mean the main risk is
that the grey squirrels carry a

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disease called squirrel pox.
Unfortunately the reds don't

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seem to have any natural
immunity to it and if they come

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into contact with it they'd
probably be dead within two to

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three weeks. So we really don't
want those greys back over here.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: But keeping
Ynys Môn free of grey squirrels

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hasn't been easy.

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CAROL : Since about 2013-2014
Anglesey has been mainly grey

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squirrel free. I say mainly
because they are only just over

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there on the mainland. They can
get across, they do get across.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Sometimes they
cross from the mainland on one

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of the two bridges or sometimes
they find another route.

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CAROL : So squirrels can swim,
so they can swim the Menai

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Straits and that always amazes
people.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: It sounds
unlikely, but it's true because

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they're always on the move
looking for food or new

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territory. And every so often
that means crossing water, even

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the Menai Strait.

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CAROL : A few years ago there
was somebody out in a boat and

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he managed to get a picture of a
grey squirrel swimming across.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: They swim with
their heads above the water,

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using their paws to paddle and
their tails to steer.

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So keeping them from getting
back onto Ynys Môn takes real

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ingenuity.

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CAROL : So they tried a few
things, one of which was they

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put some speakers near the
bridges and played loud scary

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noises.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Trying to
scare the squirrels off.

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CAROL : But all the grey
squirrels did. Was go behind the

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speakers and chewed all the
wires, so they weren't that

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bothered about the loud noises.

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So then they thought, oh, we'll
get the scent of a predator.

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Bearing in mind that grey
squirrels originated from North

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America, what predator scent
might be useful? So we have a

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little debate about that. People
come up with a few suggestions,

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you know, wolves or bears or
whatever. But no, they actually

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went and got tiger poo.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: But that
didn't work either.

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CAROL : And so obviously we
can't barricade the whole of the

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Menai Strait to keep the grey
squirrels away but what we do

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have, our secret weapon, is the
people who live on Anglesey.

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They love their red squirrels,
they're very passionate about

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their red squirrels.

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They'll have feeder boxes in
their gardens, they'll get to

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know the ones that come and
visit on a regular basis, they

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get to know if they've got
youngsters, they keep an eye out

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for any that look sick, but they
also keep an eye out for any

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grey squirrels.

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If they see a grey squirrel,
they report it just in case it's

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one of our red squirrels who's
got a bit of a grey coat and

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somebody, you know, accidentally
thought it was a grey, but it's

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not.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Over on the
mainland in Wales, they've tried

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something different, bringing
back a native species.

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CAROL : They have also
reintroduced Pine Martins.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: And it might
just be working.

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CAROL : Because what they found
is where they've reintroduced

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pine martens in areas where
there are grey squirrels and red

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squirrels, the number of grey
squirrels goes down and the

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number of red squirrels goes up.

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And again they think it's to do
with the fact that pine martins

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are native, red squirrels are
native, so a red squirrel smells

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a pine martin and it's off. But
as yet, grey squirrels don't

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recognise pine martins so they
stay around so they're that bit

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easier to catch.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: And all that
effort to keep the grey

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squirrels off Ynys Môn is making
a difference. It's helping to

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restore a native species to a
landscape where they'd all but

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disappeared. Which means that
visitors will have a much better

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chance of catching a glimpse of
that elusive red squirrel.

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CAROL : So what we've got, we're
just so lucky, we've just

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checked the feeder, and we've
got two squirrels chasing each

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other around a tree. You don't
very often see two squirrels

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together. We're so lucky to be
seeing this because they're

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normally quite solitary but to
see two of them running around a

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tree like that it's quite
possibly a male and a female but

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that's so nice to see them.

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ROSIE HOLDSWORTH: Because seeing
red squirrels in the wild,

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thriving, it's pretty special.

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Thank you for listening to this
episode of Wild Tales. If you

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enjoyed it, why not give us a
follow or a review? And if you'd

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00:14:40,248 --> 00:14:42,490
like to find out more about the
red squirrels and their

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reintroduction at Ynys Môn, then
head to the episode show notes.

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We've also got a Wild Tales
episode on the reintroduction of

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pine martens, if you fancy a
listen. See you next time.

