Barry Strauss examines Mark Antony's critical "unforced error" of 33 BC: divorcing Octavia, Octavian's sister. This move provides Octavian with a massive propaganda victory, allowing him to frame Antony as having betrayed Rome for an Egyptian queen. Strau

Barry Strauss examines Mark Antony's critical "unforced error" of 33 BC: divorcing Octavia, Octavian's sister. This move provides Octavian with a massive propaganda victory, allowing him to frame Antony as having betrayed Rome for an Egyptian queen. Strauss explains the divorce was a "credible commitment" by Antony to show his Eastern supporters he was fully committed to the coming conflict. Despite advice from his experienced admiral, Ahenobarbus, to leave Cleopatra behind, Antony refuses because she controls the treasury and the Egyptian navy. While Antony may have preferred a campaign against Parthia, Octavian forces his hand by declaring war. Antony's decision to bring Cleopatra into the war effort is anathema to Romans, who view her as a foreign invader. This sets the stage for confrontation, with Octavian relying on the tactical genius of Marcus Agrippa. (4)