QROT-063: A Bibliography for Upcoming Episodes on Nanoparticle Use in Drugs and "Vaccines"
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TSOT026: Nanoparticles, autoimmunity, hypothyroidism.
Rather than dragging that episode down by quoting and citing a bunch of articles, this episode serves as your way to research what I've said.
[UPDATE 6/13/26: I have added the various article links. And put them in a bit of logical order regarding subject matter and implication, as opposed to the order I recited them in the episode. That said, some are still in the "unsorted" category but are also very important]
- Graphene oxide (and by implications most or all of these artificially-small nanoparticles) are toxic.
- But we're GOING to use them anyway.
- We have an excuse anyway - adjuvants MUST have some toxicity, AND we can use them as a platform / carrier to deliver the "drugs" or "vaccines" to parts of the body they wouldn't otherwise reach.
- We'll "mitigate" something that is inherently toxic, by making it "less so"
(But REALLY, we'll just "observe" how the body obviously and already mitigates the best it can and we'll call it good) - How we'll TRICK the body into not responding to its full capability to this very toxic load.
1. Graphene oxide (and by implications most or all of these artificially-small nanoparticles) are toxic.
Dasmahapatra AK, Dasari TPS, Tchounwou PB. Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Toxicity in Fish. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2019;247:1-58. doi: 10.1007/398_2018_15. PMID: 30413975; PMCID: PMC6481941.
Malina, T., Lamaczová, A., Maršálková, E., Zbořil, R., & Maršálek, B. (2022). Graphene oxide interaction with Lemna minor: Root barrier strong enough to prevent nanoblade-morphology-induced toxicity. Chemosphere, 291, 132739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132739
Ling Jin, Ting-Ting Dou, Jing-Ya Chen, Ming-Xiu Duan, Quan Zhen, Hua-Zhang Wu, Yun-Li Zhao, Sublethal toxicity of graphene oxide in Caenorhabditis elegans under multi-generational exposure, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 229, 2022, 113064, ISSN 0147-6513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113064.
Malhotra, Nemi & Villaflores, Oliver & Audira, Gilbert & Siregar, Petrus & Lee, Jiann-Shing & Ger, Tzong-Rong & Hsiao, Chung-Der. (2020). Toxicity Studies on Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Aquatic Organisms: Current Understanding. Molecules. 25. 3618. 10.3390/molecules25163618.
Wang Q, Li C, Wang Y, Que X. Phytotoxicity of Graphene Family Nanomaterials and Its Mechanisms: A Review. Front Chem. 2019 May 1;7:292. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00292. PMID: 31119125; PMCID: PMC6506787.
Chen L, Li J, Chen Z, Gu Z, Yan L, Zhao F, Zhang A. Toxicological Evaluation of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2020 Apr 1;20(4):1993-2006. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2020.17364. PMID: 31492205.
- Ken-Hsuan Liao, Yu-Shen Lin, Christopher W. Macosko, and Christy L. Haynes. Cytotoxicity of Graphene Oxide and Graphene in Human Erythrocytes and Skin Fibroblasts. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2011 3 (7), 2607-2615 DOI: 10.1021/am200428v
- Sai Sunil Kumar Mallineni, Jonathan Shannahan, Achyut J. Raghavendra, Apparao M. Rao, Jared M. Brown, and Ramakrishna Podila. Biomolecular Interactions and Biological Responses of Emerging Two-Dimensional Materials and Aromatic Amino Acid Complexes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016 8 (26), 16604-16611
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04571 - Mao H, Chen W, Laurent S, Thirifays C, Burtea C, Rezaee F, Mahmoudi M. Hard corona composition and cellular toxicities of the graphene sheets. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013 Sep 1;109:212-8. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.049. Epub 2013 Apr 9. PMID: 23643918.
- Palmieri, Valentina & Perini, Giordano & De Spirito, Marco & Papi, Massimiliano. (2018). Graphene Oxide Touches Blood: In Vivo Interactions of Bio-Coronated 2D Materials. Nanoscale Horizons. 4. 10.1039/C8NH00318A.
2. But we're GOING to use them anyway.
(because "new tech", so we'll get the FDA approval and can charge greater prices, and our tech can be patentable! Who cares if it is really more effective than 100-year-old treatments or anywhere near as safe!!)
Young Hun Chung, Veronique Beiss, Steven N. Fiering, and Nicole F. Steinmetz. COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design . ACS Nano 2020 14 (10), 12522-12537 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07197
Durán N, Martinez DS, Silveira CP, Durán M, de Moraes AC, Simões MB, Alves OL, Fávaro WJ. Graphene oxide: a carrier for pharmaceuticals and a scaffold for cell interactions. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(4):309-27. doi: 10.2174/1568026615666150108144217. PMID: 25579346.
Liu J, Cui L, Losic D. Graphene and graphene oxide as new nanocarriers for drug delivery applications. Acta Biomater. 2013 Dec;9(12):9243-57. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.016. Epub 2013 Aug 16. PMID: 23958782.
Ma J, Liu R, Wang X, Liu Q, Chen Y, Valle RP, Zuo YY, Xia T, Liu S. Crucial Role of Lateral Size for Graphene Oxide in Activating Macrophages and Stimulating Pro-inflammatory Responses in Cells and Animals. ACS Nano. 2015 Oct 27;9(10):10498-515. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04751. Epub 2015 Sep 25. PMID: 26389709; PMCID: PMC5522963. [Touches on toxicity and "safety" approaches too]
- Ghuge AD, Shirode AR, Kadam VJ. Graphene: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Targets. 2017;18(6):724-733. doi: 10.2174/1389450117666160709023425. PMID: 27397067.
3. We have an excuse anyway - adjuvants MUST have some toxicity, AND we can use them as a platform / carrier to deliver the "drugs" or "vaccines" to parts of the body they wouldn't otherwise reach.
- Sun, B., & Xia, T. (2016). Nanomaterial-based vaccine adjuvants. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 4(33), 5496-5509. Pubmed ID: 30774955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb01131d
4. We'll "mitigate" something that is inherently toxic, by making it "less so"
(But REALLY, we'll just "observe" how the body obviously and already mitigates the best it can and we'll call it good)
Jiang T, Amadei CA, Lin Y, Gou N, Rahman SM, Lan J, Vecitis CD, Gu AZ. Dependence of Graphene Oxide (GO) Toxicity on Oxidation Level, Elemental Composition, and Size. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 30;22(19):10578. doi: 10.3390/ijms221910578. PMID: 34638921; PMCID: PMC8508828.
ACS Nano 2016, 10, 3, 3267–3281 Improved In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Graphene Oxide through Surface Modification: Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Functionalization is Superior to PEGylation
Hu W, Peng C, Lv M, Li X, Zhang Y, Chen N, Fan C, Huang Q. Protein corona-mediated mitigation of cytotoxicity of graphene oxide. ACS Nano. 2011 May 24;5(5):3693-700. doi: 10.1021/nn200021j. Epub 2011 Apr 21. PMID: 21500856.
[This one also touches on the next category - tricking the body]Mao H, Chen W, Laurent S, Thirifays C, Burtea C, Rezaee F, Mahmoudi M. Hard corona composition and cellular toxicities of the graphene sheets. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013 Sep 1;109:212-8. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.049. Epub 2013 Apr 9. PMID: 23643918.
Duan, Guangxin & Kang, Seung-Gu & Tian, Xin & Garate, Jose & Zhao, Lin & Ge, Cuicui & Ruhong, Zhou. (2015). Protein corona mitigates the cytotoxicity of graphene oxide by reducing its physical interaction with cell membrane. Nanoscale. 7. 10.1039/c5nr01839k.
[This one also touches on the next category - tricking the body]- Xue-Qin Wei, Li-Ying Hao, Xiao-Ru Shao, Quan Zhang, Xiao-Qin Jia, Zhi-Rong Zhang, Yun-Feng Lin, and Qiang Peng. Insight into the Interaction of Graphene Oxide with Serum Proteins and the Impact of the Degree of Reduction and Concentration. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2015 7 (24), 13367-13374
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01874
(Spoiler: They pre-treat it with WEAKENED human blood that does not fully mark it as the threat it is, so that YOUR blood thinks YOUR body already marked it, so it passes through!)
- Mailänder, Volker & Simon, Johanna & Müller, Laura & Kokkinopoulou, Maria & Lieberwirth, Ingo & Morsbach, Svenja & Landfester, Katharina. (2018). Exploiting the biomolecular corona: Pre-coating of nanoparticles enables controlled cellular interactions. Nanoscale. 10. 10.1039/C8NR03331E.
[I actually did not state this one verbally in the episode]
- Bergua, J. F., Álvarez-Diduk, R., Hu, L., Hassan, A. H. A., & Merkoçi, A. (2021). Improved Aliivibrio fischeri based-toxicity assay: Graphene-oxide as a sensitivity booster with a mobile-phone application. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 406, 124434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124434
- Dudek I, Skoda M, Jarosz A, Szukiewicz D. The Molecular Influence of Graphene and Graphene Oxide on the Immune System Under In Vitro and In Vivo Conditions. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2016 Jun;64(3):195-215. doi: 10.1007/s00005-015-0369-3. Epub 2015 Oct 26. PMID: 26502273.
[This one appears to be, but I've not delved, more about hybrid bioengineered nanomaterial, see also an article called The Hybrid Nano-Biointerface between Proteins/Peptides and Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials] - Vanesa C. Sanchez, Ashish Jachak, Robert H. Hurt, and Agnes B. Kane. Biological Interactions of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials: An Interdisciplinary Review.
Chemical Research in Toxicology 2012 25 (1), 15-34
DOI: 10.1021/tx200339h
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